在“理”与“势”之间：晚清官僚士大夫的自改革

Between “Li” and “Shi”: The Self Reform of Bureaucrats in the Late Qing Dynasty

晚清的改革,首先与经世致用思潮的崛起有关。在官僚士大夫中,理学家的经世派逐渐取代了修身派,如此才有了洋务运动在儒学内部的合法性价值。官僚士大夫不管如何重"势",依然面临"理"的规约。而到李鸿章等一辈人,"理"的位置无足轻重,一切以"势"为转移。"理"与"势"的冲突,反映在官僚士大夫内部,则是洋务派与清流派之分。到同光年间,在香港-上海走廊的通商口岸城市,出现了一群中国社会以前从未有过的新型精英:口岸知识分子。他们成为下一代文人士大夫的先驱性人物。洋务派官僚士大夫与口岸知识分子,共同将1894年之前的自改革运动从"改艺"(技术工艺)逐步推向了"改制"(法律政制)。

The reform in the late Qing Dynasty was first related to the thought of"applying the world to its purpose".Among the bureaucrats,the Jing Shi school gradually replaced the Xiu Shen school.Thus,the Westernization Movement had its legitimacy value in Confucianism.No matter how much the bureaucrats attach importance to"Shi",they still face the stipulation of"Li".To Li Hongzhang and other people,the position of"Li"is insignificant,and everything is shifted by"Shi".The conflict between"Li"and"Shi"reflects the difference between Yang Wu school and Qing Liu school.In the Qing Dynasty,there appeared a group of new elites:Port Intellectuals,who became the pioneers of the next generation of literati.The Westernization bureaucrats and the port intellectuals jointly pushed the self-reform movement before 1894 from"technology reform"(technological process)to"system reform"(legal and political system).