论中央银行的宪法地位:制度反思与规范建构

The Constitutional Status of the Central Bank: Institutional Reflection and Normative Construction

在我们现代社会,金融是经济的核心,而中央银行则是金融经济的枢纽。中央银行作为国家最高的货币金融管理机构,需要在现有规范体系内明确界定其在国家机构体系中的法律地位,进而构建规范有序运行的央行制度体系。目前我国中央银行制度在制度设计中存在着宪法规范的缺失;对中央银行地位、目标和职能的规定,仍停留在全国人大制定《中国人民银行法》的法律层次。在宪法层面上赋予中央银行明确的宪法地位,既可以在国家权力体系的制度架构中赋予央行一定的独立性,避免在货币政策制定中其他政治因素的过多干预;使其能够较好地履行维护金融稳定的职责目标;同时,能够使其更好地接受人民的监督,有效规制金融“利维坦”对国家金融治理和金融安全所带来的巨大隐患。构建完备的国家中央银行货币权力制度和金融监管规范体系,能够推动国家金融治理体系的法治化和现代化,并为国家金融安全、经济发展和公民财产权利保障创造规范稳定的货币金融环境。

In our modern society,finance is the core of economy,and the central bank is the hub of finance and economy.As the highest monetary and financial management institution in the country,the central bank needs to clearly define its legal status in the national institution system within the existing standard system,so as to build a central bank system with standardized and orderly operation.At present,there is a lack of constitutional norms in the system design of China's central bank system.The provisions on the status,objectives and functions of the central bank remain at the legal level of the law on the people's bank of China enacted by the NPC.On the constitutional level,the central bank is endowed with a clear constitutional status.On the one hand,the central bank can be endowed with certain independence in the institutional framework of the state power system and avoid excessive interference of other political factors in the formulation of monetary policy.To enable it to better fulfil its objective of maintaining the stability of the currency(i.e.,price stability);At the same time,it can make it better accept the supervision of the people,and effectively regulate the financial“leviathan”,which brings huge hidden dangers to the national financial governance and financial security.The establishment of a complete monetary power system of the central bank of China and a standard system of financial supervision can promote the legalization and modernization of the national financial governance system,and create a standard and stable monetary and financial environment for the national financial security,economic development and the protection of citizens'property rights.