大数据时代美国信息隐私权客体之革新——以宪法判例为考察对象

Innovation of the Object of Information Privacy in America in the Era of Big Data——Take the Constitutional Legal Precedent as the Object of Study

科技发展与法律规制一直都是共同成长的,社会转型与情势变迁,则会使法律面临十分尖锐的挑战。在欧盟个人数据保护权的惊艳亮相之时,美国联邦最高法院也一直在探寻数据与信息隐私权的宪法关系。2018年,Carpenter v.United States一案中联邦最高法院的判决极大地拓宽了《宪法第四修正案》关于信息隐私权的适用范围,以主客观相结合的判定标准确立了数据作为信息隐私权客体的合法性与合理性,并为其(信息隐私权)提供了强有力的宪法保障。我国目前并未引入欧盟个人数据保护权概念,亦没有建构起美国式的信息隐私权保护体系。因此,如何在理论上把握信息隐私权客体的革新,以及在社会主义法治进程中如何对其加以规制,已然成为全社会广泛关注的议题。

The development of science and technology and the regulation of laws have always been growing together.However,the law will face the sharp challenges during the period of the social transformation and the situation vicissitude.While the right to the protection of personal data in European Union is making a stunning appearance,the U.S.Supreme Court has also been exploring the constitutional relationship between data and the Information Privacy.The decision of Supreme Court in Carpenter v.United States greatly expanded the fourth amendment’s application of the information privacy,and the criteria of subjective and objective legitimizes the validity and rationality of data as the object of information privacy,which provides a sound and effective system of the constitutional safeguard.At present,China has not introduced the concept of the right to the protection of personal data in European Union,nor has constructed the American-Type Information Privacy System.Therefore,the issue,which how to grasp the innovation of the object of information privacy in concept and theoretically and how to deal with it in the process of the rule of law,has aroused the wide concern of the whole society.