立法前合宪性审查的制度建构——以英联邦国家为考察对象

On the System Building of Pre-Legislative Constitutional Review——Basing on the Experiences of Commonwealth Counties

为更好地保障公民权利,在"议会至上"体制下,部分英联邦国家建立起立法前合宪性审查制度体系,政府和议会均被要求承担合宪性审查责任。实证研究表明,由于存在诸多制度设计缺陷,以及政党政治作用下"内阁反制议会"的权力关系,立法前合宪性审查在英联邦国家的效果并不理想。这为我国发展合宪性审查制度提供了经验和教训。在制度层面,可以将合宪性审查的制度链条延伸至立法起草阶段,进一步明确政府对立法草案的合宪性审查义务。以建立宪法和法律委员会为契机,强化全国人大常委会的合宪性审查能力,同时要辅之以必要的事后合宪性审查机制。在政治层面,通过完善党的领导为合宪性审查提供政治保障。这将是我国推动宪法实施、维护宪法权威的一条可行路径。

To protect human rights better,under the"parliamentary supremacy"polity,some Commonwealth countries have set up pre-legislative constitutional review systems,under which both governments and parliaments are required to take their review responsibilities.However,because of several design defects and the reversed relationship between cabinets and parliaments,now effects of pre-legislative review are not so well.These countries have provided some experiences and lessons for China.In terms of system design,governments on drafting stages should be required to review the bills.The NPC Standing Committee’s review ability should be strengthened by the Constitutional and Legal Commission.Some post-legislative review methods are also essential for the whole system.In terms of party politics,the CPC is expected to improve its leading methods to provide political guarantee for constitutional review.On the whole,these measures will be helpful for promoting implement of China’s constitution and maintaining its authority.