美国双语/多语教育政策的变迁、反思及其启示

The Change of American Bilingual/Multilingual Policy and Its Implications

美国自1860年代开始至今150余年以来的双语/多语政策变迁历史可划分为三个主要阶段:内战后到二战前的同化与英语优先阶段;二战及冷战期间的外语优先与多元化阶段;冷战后至今的保守主义与多语主义竞争阶段。对美国双语/多语政策变迁及其得失进行梳理与反思,可以为我国双语/多语政策的制定提供重要的参考。我国当前推进双语/多语教育应从以下几个方面入手:在低学龄阶段引入双语/多语教育,在公立学校建立双语/多语教育试点,支持和鼓励双语/多语教育方面的研究,注重双语/多语教育的师资培养,以及对双语/多语教育项目进行规范等。

The history of bilingual/multilingual policy changes in the United States since the 1860s can be divided into three main policy stages:the stage of assimilation and English priority from the post Civil War to the WWII,the stage of foreign language priority and multilingualism from the WWII to the Cold War and the stage of the competition between conservatism and multilingualism after the Cold War.Reflecting the benefits and flaws demonstrated in the process of bilingual/multilingual policy change in the Unite States can provide implications and recommendations for bilingual/multilingual policy formulation in China.At present,bilingual/multilingual education in China should be promoted from the following aspects:to provide bilingual/multilingual education at elementary level,to establish pilot program in public schools,to promote research on bilingual/multilingual education,to support bilingual/multilingual teacher development,and to regulate the bilingual/multilingual programs.