民法概括条款适用的方法论

On the Methodology of the Application of the General Articles of Civil Law

我国民法学界对于概括条款的一些基础性问题尚缺乏深入研究,其在具体的司法适用中存在误用现象。概括条款是一种不同于具有明确构成要件与法律效果的法律规范,在规范结构上包含无法通过法律解释来确定的规范性不确定法律概念,本质上是立法者授权法官造法的规范基础。在法学方法论中,法律解释的各种方法对于概括条款没有适用余地,概括条款属于法内漏洞的范畴,在适用上劣后于类推、目的性限缩以及目的性扩张等法学方法。在概括条款具体适用方法上,应立足于我国《民法总则》关于目的条款以及基本原则部分的规定,遵循"案例-案例群-类型"的路径以实现概括条款的教义学化。

There is still a lack of deep research into some basic issues on general articles in the civil law academia of China and they are sometimes misapplied in specific judicial practices. The general article is a kind of legal norm which is different from the one with definite constituents and legal effects. It, in terms of normative structure, contains uncertain normative legal concept which cannot be determined through legal interpretation. In essence, it is the normative basis that for the legislature authorizes judges to make laws. From the prospective of legal methodology, the various methods of legal interpretation could not be applied to general articles which are loopholes within the law and inferior to such legal methods as analogy, purposive restriction and purposive expansion in terms of application. As for the specific method of the application of general articles, we should follow the approach of "case-case group-category" to realize the dogmatics of general clauses on basis of the provisions of General Rules on the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China on the purpose article and basic principles.