“中日密约”与巴黎和会中国外交

Sino-Japanese Secret Agreements and Chinese Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference

“中日密约”是巴黎和会山东问题中日争执的焦点。和会前夕北京政府外交政策方针由“亲日”转向“亲日联美”,陆征祥到达巴黎后经与北京政府商议,确立“联美制日”方针。中日代表围绕山东问题展开正面交锋,中国决定将所有战时密约交由和会裁判。日本坚持1915及1918年的中日条约有效,美国不承认所有战时“中日密约”,中国主张1915年中日“民四条约”不能作为日本取得德国山东权益的依据。中国代表团事先不知1918年“中日密约”详情,在和会期间方逐步获知密约全部内容。中国向和会要求将战前德国在山东的权益直接归还中国,日本则主张由其继承这份权益后,再有条件转交中国。随着和会形势变化,美日妥协,不谈“中日密约”是否有效,决定让日本继承德国在山东的经济权利,日本作出口头声明,从速将山东半岛连同完全主权交还中国。中国拒签对德和约后,代表团建议北京政府坚持不承认密约、由国际调停山东问题的立场,拒绝与日本开议。山东问题由此转入新的处理渠道。

The “Sino-Japanese secret agreements” were a focus of disputes between China and Japan over the Shandong issue at the Paris Peace Conference. Before the Conference, the Beijing government’s foreign policy had shifted from being “pro-Japanese” to “pro-Japanese, allying with the US.” But after Lu Zhengxiang (Lou Tseng-Tsiang) arrived in Paris, after conferring with the Beijing government, China’s policy direction changed to “allying with the US, checking Japan”. The representatives of China and Japan engaged in a direct confrontation over the Shandong issue. China decided to submit all its wartime secret treaties to the Peace Conference for arbitration. Japan insisted that the Sino-Japanese treaties of 1915 and 1918 were valid, but the US did not recognize them. China urged that the Min Si Treaty of 1915 could not be used as the basis for Japan’s acquiring German rights and interests in Shandong. The Chinese delegation were originally unaware of the details of the Sino-Japanese secret treaty of 1918;they only learned its full contents during the Peace Conference. At the Conference, China demanded that Germany’s prewar rights and interests in Shandong be directly returned to China, but Japan proposed to take them over and pass them on to China under certain conditions. In accordance with the changing situation at the Peace Conference, the US and Japan reached a compromise. They avoided the question of whether the treaties were valid, and decided to let Japan take over Germany’s economic rights in Shandong. Japan made an oral statement to the effect that complete sovereignty over the Shandong Peninsula would be returned to China without delay. After China refused to sign the peace treaty with Germany, the Chinese delegation recommended that the Beijing government take a firm position on not recognizing the secret treaties, allowing international mediation over the Shandong issue, and refusing to negotiate with Japan. The resolution of the Shandong issue thus shifted to a new channel.