主要国家（地区）粮食收储政策演进脉络及启示

The Evolution of Grain Procurement and Storage Policies in Major Countries(Regions) and its Enlightenment

粮食储备是经济社会发展的稳压器。本研究通过梳理美国、欧盟、日本、印度等国家和地区的粮食收储政策演进脉络及变化动因,发现它们收储演化路径差异的背后也呈现一定规律性。早期各国均面临粮食短缺或农业相对弱势的问题,与价格挂钩的收储政策是提高农民生产积极性、平抑市场波动、确保粮食安全的“利器”。随着农业生产水平提高,各国均经历了生产过剩、库存高企、成本上涨和贸易争端的阵痛期,被迫进入收储政策调整期。受人均农业资源和粮食供求趋紧风险差异的影响,各国收储政策调整路径进一步分化为收储铺底(美欧)和收储稳压(日印)两类。中国粮食收储政策正处在阵痛期和改革窗口期,结合国际演化经验和中国实际,未来收储政策调整可考虑优化战略储备、收缩干预性收储、发展政府和民间合作储备。

The grain procurement and storage policies play a regulatory role in economic and social development.By analyzing the evolution of grain procurement and storage policies in the United States,the European Union,Japan and India,this article finds that there are certain regularities behind the differences in the evolution paths of these countries’policies.In the early days,all countries were faced with the problem of food shortage or relatively weak agriculture.The price-linked procurement policies were a“sharp weapon”to increase farmers’production enthusiasm,stabilize market volatility,and ensure food security.As agricultural production increased,these countries have experienced a painful period of overproduction,high inventory,rising costs and trade disputes,and were forced to enter into an adjustment period.Under the influence of the difference in the risk of tightening the per capita agricultural resources and food supply and demand,the adjustment paths of national policies have been divided into two categories:the bottom of storage(the US and Europe)and the stable storage(Japan and India).China’s grain procurement and storage policies is on the edge of reform.Based on the experience of international evolution and China’s reality,future adjustments of grain procurement and storage policies may consider optimizing strategic reserves,reducing intervention in collection and storage,and developing government and private cooperation reserves.