论商法外观主义对其民法理论基础的超越

On the Transcendence of the Theory Foundation of Civil Law by the Theory of the Rechtsscheintheorie of Commercial Law

外观主义肇始于民法善意取得制度的解释学说,其以外观为中心连结真实权利人可归责性与善意相对人信赖的理论架构在向民法注重主观意思的体系逻辑靠近的发展过程中,重心不断向信赖倾斜,但最终仍游离于民法主要原则之外,成为一种特殊的责任状态。自风险责任引入外观主义,其在商法领域找寻到自恰的发展空间,并恢复了自身理论架构的平衡。风险系商主体在追求营利目的而做出决策过程中必然持续呈现的状态,其并非站在营利的对立面,反而只有在风险之中才可以发现营利的机会,所以风险责任是契合商法体系逻辑的归责原则,其使外观主义真正成为能够与民法有实质性区别的商法上的普遍原则。这种对于民法的超越,使外观主义获得了更强的解释力,并在具备《民法总则》中法律规范基础的前提下,为建立外观主义的理论体系奠定了基础。

Rechtsscheintheorie originated from the interpretation theory of the system of acquisition in good faith in civil law. It takes Rechtsschein as the center to link the accountability of the real obligee with the trust of the bona fide counterpart. However, it eventually drifts away from the main principles of civil law and becomes a special state of responsibility. Since the introduction of Rechtsscheintheorie, risk liability has found development space in the field of commercial law. Risk is the continuous state of the business subject in the process of making decision in pursuit of profit. Only with the risk can profit opportunities be found. Therefore, risk responsibility is the principle of liability fixed in line with the logic of the commercial law system, which makes Rechtsscheintheorie truly a universal principle in commercial law that can be substantially different from the civil law. This kind of transcendence over civil law makes Rechtsscheintheorie obtain stronger explanatory power and lays a foundation for the establishment of the system of Rechtsscheintheorie.