关税、中间品进口与企业出口质量提升——基于质量阶梯理论的微观检验

Tariffs,Import of Intermediate Goods and Export Products Quality Upgrading——Based on the Microcosmic Retest of the Theory of Quality Ladder Upgrading

贸易自由化下关税降低竞争加剧时,中间品进口的增加会有利于出口质量的提升。质量阶梯高的企业会因为竞争加剧,一方面激发自主创新动力,另一方面匹配、吸收与模仿中间品进口技术从而提高出口质量。但是质量阶梯低的企业会因为研发沉没成本以及创新的沮丧效应而无法有效吸收进口中间品技术。本文对企业出口质量阶梯理论进行检验,发现离技术前沿最近的企业才会在关税下降时提高出口质量,大部分企业的出口质量会因此而降低。中间品进口能通过中间品进口规模扩大、质量增加、技术外溢效应等渠道提高企业的出口质量。其中,中间品规模的扩大对出口质量提升的效应显著性最差,质量阶梯最低组企业中间品规模越大出口质量反而下降;中间品进口质量对出口质量提升效应最稳定,而中间品进口技术外溢效应对不同类型企业出口质量提升效果差异性最大。同时,研究结果表明生产效率越高的企业出口规模越小,出口质量越高。

When competition caused by tariff reduction is reinforced under trade liberation,the increase of intermediate import is helpful to upgrade export products quality.The enterprises with high quality ladder will be motivated for independent innovation,as well as pursue,absorb and imitate the technology coming from the importation of intermediate product with the aim of improving the export quality.However,the enterprises with low quality ladder cannot efficiently absorb the technology due to the sank cost of R&D and the discouraged effect of innovation.The paper makes an empirical test on theory of export quality ladder and finds the results:only few enterprises close to technology frontier will improve export quality due to tariff reduction,and meanwhile the majority of enterprises will reduce in their export quality.The import intermediate goods can advance the enterprises’export quality by ways of the import quantity increase,quality advance,as well as import technology spillover.By the comparison,the enlarge of import quantity does the worst effect on export quality upgrading,i.e.the enterprises in the lowest quality ladder group will low down their export quality with the import quantity increasing;the quality advance of intermediate goods has done the most stable influence,while technology spillover effect of intermediate goods does the most significantly different influence on enterprises’export quality.Meanwhile,the paper shows that given the enterprises have higher efficiency,a smaller export scale will produce a higher export quality.