明治天皇权力的虚像与实像——近代日本立宪君主制的形成对明治天皇权力双重影像的影响

The Formation of Constitutional Monarchy in Modern Japan and Its Impact on the Double Images of Meiji Emperor’s Power——The “Real Image” and “Virtual Image” of Meiji Emperor’s Power

作为世界历史上最长的君主制度,日本天皇制一直延续至今。明治天皇对近代日本建立立宪君主制发挥了重要作用。明治维新"革命"后不久,明治天皇派遣几乎一半左右的明治新政府中心人物组成岩仓使节团在欧美巡游一年多进行考察,反映出明治天皇的高度期待,对日本探索建立立宪君主制具有十分重要的意义。立宪君主制规定了明治天皇权力"实像与虚像"的双重结构,限制了天皇权力的运用。在《明治宪法》的框架下,明治天皇与元老、内阁、议会进行协调,实施其作为国家主权象征的虚像权力,以及制度化的实像权力,形成独特的多元角色形象。由于《明治宪法》的规定,明治天皇的权力结构呈现出二重性特征:从虚像上看,明治天皇是日本的国家象征,也是形式上的"万机亲裁"的强权君主;但从实像上看,明治天皇更多是作为"调停君主"来调和明治元老、内阁、议会等势力集团的政策主张,其本质依然是"无力君主",更多地发挥了国家象征作用。在元老消失后,天皇开始屡屡亲自裁定,从之前的被动君主,转变为做出独自判断的能动君主。因为明治天皇采取传统的政治"自律"态度,不主动介入政治事务,而是固守"国家象征"意义,在一定程度上"统合国民"意志,故确保了近代日本社会的存续和稳定发展。

As the longest monarchy in world history, the Japanese Emperor system has continued to this day. The Meiji Emperor played an important role in the establishment of constitutional monarchy in modern Japan. Shortly after the Meiji Revolution, the Emperor dispatched nearly half of the central figures of the Meiji New Government to form an embassy of Yancang to tour Europe and the United States for more than one year, reflecting the high expectation of the Meiji Emperor, which is of great significance for Japan to explore the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. Constitutional monarchy prescribes the dual structure of "real image" and "virtual image" of the power of the Meiji Emperor, which limits the use of the power of the Emperor. Under the framework of the Meiji Constitution, the Meiji Emperor coordinates with the elders, cabinet and parliament, implements his imaginary power as a symbol of "national sovereignty" and institutionalized real power, thus forming a unique multi-role image. Due to the provisions of the Meiji Constitution, the power structure of the Meiji Emperor shows dual characteristics. From the illusion point of view, the Meiji Emperor is the "national symbol" of Japan and the powerful monarch of "all opportunities to dictate" in form. However, in reality, the Meiji Emperor is more a "mediating monarch" to reconcile the policy propositions ofthe senior statesman, cabinet, Parliament and other power groups. Its essence is still "powerless monarch," playing a more symbolic role of the state. After the disappearance of the senior statesman, the emperor began to rule repeatedly in person, from the former passive monarch to the active monarch who made his own judgment. Because the Meiji Emperor took the traditional political "self-discipline" attitude, did not actively intervene in political affairs, but adhered to the "national symbol" meaning, to a certain extent, "unified the national," to ensure the survival and stable development of modern Japanese society.