大学校园空间容量的比较研究

A Comparative Study on SpatialCapacity of University Campuses

大学校园是城乡地区中的典型功能地区之一,不同的大学在人数规模、空间规模和建筑密度等方面呈现出不同的特点,其中以学生人数为基础的生均空间面积包括生均用地面积和生均建筑面积是衡量大学建设发展水平的重要指标,客观上形成了学生教师规模、生均空间面积和校园总体空间容量之间的关联。本文选取世界范围内QS排名和泰晤士高等教育排名前20的大学、国内九校联盟的大学,比对国内相关国家规范中的指标要求,重点分析各高校的生均用地面积和生均建筑面积。结果显示,相关国家规范规定了在人均空间面积上的基本办学要求,但国内外高水平的大学大多体现出更高的标准,并且国内外高校在空间构成上体现出基本功能之外的不同功能分布特点。随之,本文以清华大学主校区为例,参照国内外高校及国家规范的标准进行判断,提出主校区已经达到师生人数和空间容量的规模上限,后续发展应着眼于存量空间的内部结构优化,优先保障教学功能和以较大公共服务面积支持人才培养的策略,以此探讨中国大学在存量校园空间更新中的总体思路。

University campus is one of the typical spatial units in urban and rural area.Each university shows its unique characteristic on population scale,space scale and building density,among which the per capita land area and per capita floor space are the key indexes for university construction and development evaluation,which shape the relevance of student and faculty population,per capita area and university spatial capacity.By comparatively studying the standards of Chinese national regulations for university spatial capacity,the data of international universities ranking top 20 in QS World University Ranking and Times Higher Education,and the data of Chinese 9 University Union,the per capita land area and per capita floor space are quantitatively studied in this article,which shows that the national regulations give the requirement for fundamental functions,while foreign universities and Chinese universities show higher standard generally.Apart from the fundamental functions,the percentage of other functional space in university differs among foreign universities and Chinese universities.Tsinghua University main campus is taken as a case of Chinese University campuses facing existing campus regeneration.With the calculation work of total population according to different universities standards under the limit of FAR requirement,the conclusion is drawn that the population including students,faculty and staff has reached its limit in the main campus as well as the floor space,followed by sustainable development strategy for the main campus which gives priority to education by enlarging percentage of the education function space and public service space in the existing campus space.