巴斯克分离主义与西班牙政府的反民族分离政策

Basque Separatism and the Spanish Government’s Anti-National Separation Policy

长期以来,巴斯克分离主义严重威胁着西班牙国家的统一与完整。本文尝试着从理论视角梳理巴斯克民族主义发展的三个阶段,并对巴斯克分离主义进行界定,进而探究巴斯克民族主义蜕变为分离主义的历史轨迹及特殊原因。研究发现:带有极端分离倾向的地方民族自治诉求,在恶劣的社会环境下,有可能使民族主义极端化和走向分离主义。文章还简要剖析了从独裁转向民主制度以来,西班牙历届政府在处置巴斯克分离主义的策略及成效:包括颁布新宪法,从法律层面上赋予地方自治权限;敞开对话和谈判大门,但在领土主权等国家核心利益上,决不向埃塔让步和妥协;联合国际社会共同打击埃塔分离行径等一系列反民族分离政策,最终瓦解了埃塔组织。西班牙打击分离主义的做法和经验,值得总结,对世界各国处理好民族地区问题提供了有益启示。

For a long period of time, Basque separatism has seriously threatened the unification and integrity of Spain. This article tries to list the three stages of Basque nationalism development from a theoretical perspective and define Basque separatism. Furthermore, the article tries to explore the history and unique reasons behind the transformation from Basque nationalism to separatism. Research indicates that local ethnic pursuit with extreme separation tendency may be possible to develop into separatism under severe malignant social environment. The article also briefly examines Spanish government’s policies and effects towards Basque separatism since the country shifted from dictatorship to democratic system, which include: the enactment of a new national constitution allowing local autonomous jurisdiction;allowing open dialogue and negotiation with ETA(Euskadi Ta Askatasuna), but never compromising on key issues including territorial sovereignty;combating ETA separatism with joint efforts from the international society. Spain’s practices and experiences in combating separatism can be used as references for other countries in the world to handle issues relating to ethnic groups.