两周金文中效法祖先之德的观念及其演变

The Concept of Imitating Ancestral Virtues and Its Evolvement in the Bronze Inscriptions of the Zhou Dynasty

"德"是先秦政治史、思想史研究的重要内容。两周时期,效法祖先之德观念在延续的同时亦在演变。西周早期比较强调效法祖先之德,西周中晚期这种观念已有变化,至春秋战国时期则逐渐流于形式。之所以产生这种变化,主要是因为祖先地位的下降与人文精神的发展以及德可以不再为祖先所专有。效法祖先之德观念的变化也正反映了两周政治与社会的变迁。

"Virtue" is an important content in the study of political and intellectual history of the pre-Qin period.The concept of modeling oneself on the ancestral virtues continued and developed in the Zhou dynasty.Rulers in the early Western Zhou emphasized the concept of modeling oneself on the ancestral virtues,but this concept had changed by the middle and late period of the Western Zhou Dynasty and become a mere formality by the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.The causes of this change were the change of political situation in different stages of the Zhou dynasty,the decline of ancestral status and the development of humanistic spirit.Another reason for this change was that virtues were not proprietary for the ancestors.The change of the concept of modeling oneself on the ancestral virtues reflects the social and political transformations of the Zhou dynasty.