21世纪的心理动作技能：学生应该学习什么？

Psychomotor Skills for the 21st Century: What Should Students Learn?

能让学生对不断变化的世界做好最充分的准备的问题是:哪些心理动作技能最不可能被技术进步取代?此外,在这个不断发展、日益技术化的工作世界中,需要什么样的心理动作技能才能持续发展?心理动作技能代表“我们如何利用运动性”。本文提出了一种思考运动性的新思维方式。它假设:(1)感知和本体感觉是心理动作技能发展的关键反馈机制;(2)心理动作技能不应被准确地归类为“精细”或“粗大”,而应根据可测评的属性进行定义;(3)单一的心理动作技能经历从“无意识无能力”到“无意识有能力”的线性发展,而将不同技能组合起来或迁移到新情境的本领则是不一样的,有其自己独特的发展路径。本文证明和探讨了21世纪教育必需的心理动作技能,确定两种“元动作”能力是必不可少的:协调和适应。

In order to let the students make a full preparation for the changing world,we have to answer the most effective questions:What psychomotor skills will have the least possibility to be replaced by technical progress?Moreover,what psychomotor skills do we need to sustain the development in such a developing and increasingly technicalized world?Psychomotor skills represent“how we utilize motricity”.This paper puts forward a new thinking pattern of motricity.It supposes that:a.perception and proprioception are the key feedback mechanism for the development of psychomotor skills;b.the psychomotor skills should not be divided into gross and fine precisely,but be defined according to the properties that can be evaluated;c.single psychomotor skill develops linearly from“Unconscious Incompetence”to“Unconscious Competence”,but there is different competence to combine different skills or to shift into new situations,and it has its own unique developing route.This paper proves and discusses the essential psychomotor skills of 21st century education,and ensures the indispensability of two“meta-actions”,namely,coordination and adaptation.