清代卫所裁并概述

Summary of Abolition and Merger of Garrison Stations in the Qing Dynasty

卫所是明朝基本的军事制度,明中后期开始“民化”。入清以后,清政府逐步对其进行改制和裁并。辖区较小且府厅州县行政区划单位密集地区的卫所在裁撤以后,一般是把土地与人口并入附近的府厅州县;至于原来不设行政机构与卫所辖区较大以及人口较多的地方,则将卫所改为府厅州县。卫所裁并从顺治朝开始,至宣统朝结束,贯穿于清朝始终。但是主要集中于顺治、康熙与雍正三朝,经此三朝的大力裁并,卫所数量所剩无几,剩下的卫所主要是漕运卫所与少数无运卫所。乾隆年间所有的无运卫所基本被裁汰至尽。清代后期漕运改海运后,剩下的漕运卫所也最终被裁撤。宣统三年裁贵州十卫。除开后期光绪朝集中裁并漕运卫所的情况,整体而言,有清一代,卫所裁并的数量呈历朝递减趋势。

Garrison stations(Wei Suo in Chinese)were one of the basic military systems in the Ming Dynasty.In the middle and late Ming Dynasty,this system gradually faded into a civilian one.After the Ming Dynasty was replaced by the Qing Dynasty,the Qing government gradually reconstructed the garrison station system,some garrison stations were abolished or merged into the nearby counties because of their small administrative districts but being located in the dense administrative divisions,others were changed into prefectures or counties because of their large jurisdictions and dense population.The abolition and merger of the garrison stations started in the reign of Emperor Shunzhi and ended in the reign of Emperor Xuantong throughout the entire Qing Dynasty,yet,the abolition and merger of the garrison stations were mainly conducted during the ruling periods of three emperors such as Emperor Shunzhi,Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Yongzheng.As a result,there were very few garrison stations left,some were responsible for canal transportation,some had no exact responsibilities.Those garrison stations without the responsibility of canal transportation were abolished and almost disappeared till the reign of Emperor Qianlong.Later on,canal transportation was replaced by sea transportation,so the remaining garrison stations were thoroughly abolished in the late Qing dynasty.In the 3rd year of Emperor Guangxu,ten garrison stations in all were abolished in Guizhou Province.Except that the number of garrison stations was sharply cut down in the reign of Emperor Guangxu,on the whole,the number of garrisons,being merged and abolished,was on a gradual decline in the Qing Dynasty,quite different from the past dynasties.