“思维如何回到神?”——黑格尔早期对启蒙的批判与反思

“How does Thinking Return to God?” ——Hegel’s Early Critique and Reflection on the Enlightenment

"思维如何回到神?"这是黑格尔在思想成熟时期对启蒙的内涵及其存在的问题最为简洁的描述。黑格尔认为,启蒙的问题就在于如何扬弃主观的有限性,回到客观性。在图宾根时期和伯尔尼时期黑格尔都是从道德的角度来理解宗教。这实质上是将宗教奠定在自我意识的基础之上,表明他还没有超出启蒙对宗教的认识。直到法兰克福时期,黑格尔才超出了以道德来规定宗教的思路,而从主客统一的角度来理解宗教,但由于他仍然立足于爱这种主观情感之上来实现这种统一,结果导致宗教与国家之间的分裂。黑格尔早期试图以宗教教化民众的努力失败了,这迫使他更加深入地理解和反思启蒙,重新思考个体、世界与神之间的关系。

"How does thinking return to God?" This is Hegel’s simplest description of the connotation of the Enlightenment and its problems in the mature period of his thought. Hegel thought that the question of the Enlightenment lay in how to sublate subjective finiteness and return to objectivity. In the Tübingen period and the Bernian period, Hegel understood the religion from a moral point of view. This essentially based religion on self-consciousness, indicating that he had not yet exceeded the Enlightenment’s understanding of religion. It was not until the Frankfurt period that Hegel went beyond the idea of defining religion in terms of moral, and understood religion from the perspective of the unity of subject and object. But because he still relied on the subjective emotion like love to achieve this unity, the result was the split between religion and state. This paper argues that Hegel’s early attempt to educate the people by religion fails, forcing him to understand and reflect on the Enlightenment more deeply, and to rethink the relationship between individual, world and god.