从贫民聚居区看墨西哥贫民窟的成因及其治理

The Causes of the Formation of Mexican Slums and Their Governance From the Perspective of Colonias Populares

贫民窟是城市化进程中出现的一种非正规城市现象,在发展中国家尤为突出。贫民窟的出现与形成是合力的结果,既有历史原因也有现实因素,目前还很难实现"城市无贫民窟"目标。贫民聚居区是墨西哥贫民窟的一种形式,大部分出现于20世纪50年代中期,其成因涉及社会、经济和政治等方面。70年代以来墨西哥在积极治理贫民窟问题,从初期的立法干预到80年代的跟进措施,均取得了一定的社会成效。90年代,随着政治民主化进程的推进和"分权"理念的实施,墨西哥改造贫民聚居区,其中蒂华纳的情况具有开拓性。治理贫民窟是要解决贫民窟居民融入城市的问题,给他们"更好的庇护所"。贫民窟是城市贫困的一种表现,城市贫困和农村贫困是一个问题的两面,必须把它们置于同一个整体框架中考虑。同时,在治理贫民窟过程中,要更多地发挥政府的作用。

The slum is a kind of urban informality that occured in the process of urbanization, especially in developing countries. The emergence and formation of the slum was the result of historical and practical factors. Now it is currently difficult to achieve the goal of "cities without slums". Colonias populares is one of the manifestations of Mexican slums, most of which were formed in the mid-1950s. Its causes involved social, economic and political aspects. Since the 1970s, Mexico has actively tackled slums, from initial legislative intervention to follow-up measures in the 1980s, with certain social effects. In the 1990s, with the advancement of the political democratization process and the implementation of the concept of "decentralization",Mexico adopted a "Slum upgrading programme",and it was pioneered in Tijuana. The root of the problem of slums is to finally solve the problem of the integration of "slum-dwellers" into the city and give them "better shelter". The slum is a manifestation of urban poverty. Urban poverty and rural poverty are two sides of the problem, both must be considered in the same overall framework in facing the issue of slums.Meanwhile, we must pay more attention to the role of the government in administer the slum.