借用合同对抗第三人效力研究

Study on the Effect Against a Third Party of the Contract of Loan for Use

借用合同对抗第三人问题,学说与实务以否定说为通说。部分司法裁判肯定了借用合同具有对抗第三人效力,主要采取类推适用"买卖不破租赁"规定和在先债权保护理念指引下的个案利益衡量的做法。法律适用技术层面,借用合同与租赁合同内部关系存在较大不同,但在与第三人的关系上,二者并不具实质差异,而具有类推适用的可能性。基础理论层面,否定借用合同对抗第三人的债权相对性理论值得检讨,债权不唯相对性,亦具有令第三人尊重的绝对性。个案中需平衡出借人的自由处分利益、借用人的在先合同利益与第三人的物权利益,需要满足在先借用合同利益具有相当成熟度且透过借用人占有而使得借用关系为第三人知悉时,始可对抗第三人。有权占有维持模式即可满足对借用人在先合同利益的保护,此属债权相对性理论之突破,而法定合同承担模式则属意思自治法理范畴,尚不必到此程度。

The negative theory is applied by most scholars and courts regarding whether the contract of loan for use has effect against the third party.Some judgments hold positive opinion on this issue,mainly with the application of analogy with Kauf bricht nicht Mieteon and using the method of interests balancing guided by the idea of prior creditor’s rights protection.On the technical level of legal practice,between the lender and borrower compared with the relationship between the lessor and lessee,although there are many differences in terms of the legal relationship,there should not be magnificent difference in the relationship with the third parties between these two kinds of contracts.Therefore,the application of analogy shall be legitimized.On the basic theoretical level,the doctrine of privity of contract should be examined.In general,the obligatory right has the effect of relativity,while it sometimes shows the effect of absoluteness that requires the third party’s respect.In the individual case,courts should balance the right of disposing of the lender,the prior contact interests of the borrower and the property interests of the third party.When the prior borrowing interest is mature enough and the third party notices the prior contract through the borrower’s possession,it can stand against the third party.Maintaining the possession of the borrower could be sufficient to protect his/her prior contract interests.This breaks the privity of the obligatory right.If transfer of the contract rights and obligations to the third party is adopted,it will infringe the third party’s autonomy.