美国涉华经济利益集团与中美贸易摩擦

U.S. Economic Interest Groups Related to China and the Sino-U.S. Trade Friction

利益集团政治是美国政治的本质,美国的贸易政策和贸易政治必然引发美国经济利益集团的高度关注。在美国与中国发生大规模贸易摩擦期间,美国各类涉华经济利益集团的立场虽然不同,但均通过各种方式对白宫和美国国会施加影响,其游说的规模和力度可以与20世纪90年代围绕美国政府给予中国永久正常贸易关系的游说相提并论。反对加征关税的利益集团未能阻止特朗普政府的关税政策,这与美国总统和国会的权力分配、利益集团对中国的集体抱怨、美国对华战略的重大调整等因素有关。在中美经贸磋商的过程中,特朗普政府极力压制美国商界的诉求,但不得不安抚和照顾利益受损的农业集团。美国跨国资本的逐利性、中国巨大市场的吸引力、中国深化改革和扩大开放的新举措等,将不断扩大美国国内支持和中国达成经贸协议的“赢集”。同时,中美竞争关系的加剧将对美国涉华经济利益集团产生更大的影响,而后者也将从不同的方向持续塑造美国的对华政策。

Interest group politics are the essence of American politics,and therefore U.S.economic interest groups follow closely U.S.trade policy and trade politics,especially during the large-scale trade friction between China and the U.S.Although these economic interest groups have different positions about the Trump administration's trade policy towards China,all of them have exerted influence on the White House and U.S.Congress through various means.The scale and intensity of their lobbying can be compared with the one that pushed the U.S.into granting PNTR to China in the 1990s.The interest groups opposed to trade protectionism failed to prevent the Trump administration's tariff policy,which effected the power distribution of the U.S.president and Congress,interest groups'collective complaints about China,and U.S.major strategic adjustments toward China.In the process of China-U.S.trade consultations,the Trump administration tried strongly to suppress the demands of the American business community,but had to appease the dissatisfied agricultural interest groups.The profit-seeking nature of U.S.multinational capital,the attractiveness of China's huge market,and China's deepening reforms and opening up will continue to expand the U.S.domestic support to build“win-sets”to push the U.S.to make a deal with China.At the same time,the rising competition between China and the U.S.will have an impact on the U.S.economic interests groups related to China,and the latter will continue to shape China-U.S.policy from different directions.