冷战缓和时期美国的霸权新路——以北约“现代社会挑战委员会”海上溢油项目为例(1969～1975)

A New Approach to Searching for Hegemony during the Cold War Detente: A Case Study of NATO/CCMS Oil Spills Project,1969-1975

“开放水域污染”是北大西洋理事会批准“现代社会挑战委员会”实施的第一批试点研究之一,其中海上溢油事故的治理作为其重要项目,受到了北约盟国的普遍关注。围绕该项目的主导权、治理主体、决议内容和执行落实,北约各国之间展开了博弈,矛盾与冲突虽然不可避免,然而在美国的压力和游说之下,“现代社会挑战委员会”最终通过决议,要求北约盟国“在1975年前,不迟于20世纪70年代末,根除国际上排放石油和石油废弃物入海”。该决议是“现代社会挑战委员会”提出的第一个试点项目行动建议,被誉为历史性的决议。其间,美国借助北约“第三维”,发挥了极为特殊而重要的作用,进而建立了冷战缓和时期它在社会治理领域的话语权和主导权。但也不可否认,该决议的通过推动了国际社会,特别是北约的沿海国家对溢油问题的关注,强化了国家间在这一问题上的资源和技术共享,加快了海上溢油预防和减灾机制的建设。

“Open water pollution”is one of the first pilot studies approved by the North Atlantic Council for the Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society(CCMS).The governance of marine oil spills is an important project and has received widespread concern from NATO allies.Focusing on rights,governance subjects,resolutions,and implementation,the NATO allies navigate between super powers and small countries,and among super powers.Although contradictions and conflicts are inevitable,under the pressure and lobbying of the United States,the Council finally passed a resolution,which requested that the NATO allies“achieve by 1975,if possible,but not later than the end of the decade,the elimination of international discharges of oil and oily wastes into the sea.”The resolution is the“first pilot project action recommendation”proposed by the CCMS and is known as the“historical resolution.”In the meantime,the United States played a very special and important role through NATO's“third dimension,”which in turn enabled discourse power and dominance in the field of social governance during the Cold War Detente.However,it is undeniable that the adoption of this resolution has promoted the concern of the international community,especially the coastal countries among the NATO allies,on oil spills,strengthened the sharing of resources and technologies among countries,and catalyzed the construction of marine oil spill prevention and mitigation mechanisms.To a certain extent,it has also spawned the reconstruction of national environmental protection mechanisms and functions.