试析国家分离发生的路径和动力

An Analysis on the Four Paths of Secession

分离促使国家和国际体系适时进行系统地自我更新。民族主权与族群冲突、国家建设与政权崩溃、民主化与政治失序、全球化与国际干预是国家发生分离的四种路径和表现。它们分别从社会原生要素间的政治关系、政治系统内外部权力的结构和关系、政治社会与垄断权力开放竞争和参与的关系、国际体系的结构和性质与国家独立自主发展的关系,说明国家发生分离的四种动力来源,即"主权"要素改变、"政权"建设遇阻、"政治社会"关系不对称以及"超国家"外部介入。这四种动力统一存在于国家主权的"同质性""专断性""对称性"和"正义性"四种属性内。它们是主权国家在全球持续裂变和扩散的原因,也是当下国家发生分离的路径和动力从单一走向复合的提示。

Secession is a process that allows sovereign states and the international system to renew themselves,responsively and systemically. Secession often occurs in the following four scenarios:(1)a call for national sovereignty leads to a national secession movement and ethnic conflicts;(2)the political system collapses in countries with monopolistic control of state power;(3)the process of democratization leads to the fall of the existing political order;and(4)secession is caused by globalization and interventions by super powers.Respectively,these four paths imply four distinct kinds of motivation for secession.They include(1) political connections and conflicts among internal and indigenous elements in the society,(2)the destruction of a state system via its political power structure,(3)asymmetric ruling relations between the society and sovereign state,and(4)outside powers intervening in state-building. These four motivations reflect four central characters of sovereignty:the pursuit of political homogeneity,the monopoly of legitimate authority,symmetry in interactions,and in justice.While the sovereign state remains the dominant form of all political organizations and institutions,it also stimulates secession movements across the world in multiple ways.