摘要
【目的】水稻机插同步侧深施肥是一项新兴的技术,正在迅速发展。深入探究不同类型氮肥机械侧深施用对机插水稻产量及氮素利用效率的影响,有利于提高水稻机械化种植水平,为机插水稻节本增效提供理论依据。【方法】2017年和2018年开展大田试验,采用完全随机区组试验设计,设置5种施氮处理,即不施氮肥(N0)、尿素撒施(CUB)、尿素机械侧深施(CUM)、控释尿素撒施(CRUB)和控释尿素机械侧深施(CRUM),测定水稻物质生产特性、氮素积累分配、氮素利用效率、产量及产量构成因素。【结果】2年各施氮处理对水稻产量形成、氮素利用的影响基本一致。与尿素相比,控释尿素可以显著提高水稻干物质积累量、氮素积累量、氮肥利用率以及稻谷产量;2017年成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量、氮肥吸收利用率(NRE)、氮肥农学效率(NAE)和稻谷产量分别增加3.22%、17.50%、46.00%、17.79%和3.72%,2018年相应增幅分别为8.77%、13.27%、32.07%、12.74%和3.32%。与人工撒施相比,机械侧深施可以显著提高氮肥利用率,2017年NRE和NAE分别增加17.91%-43.14%和19.61%-37.39%;2018年NRE和NAE分别增加53.80%-54.10%和21.11%-35.11%。与人工撒施相比,机械侧深施肥处理的产量分别增加4.46%-6.95%(2017年)、5.55%-8.11%(2018年);增产的主要原因是其具有更多有效穗数和颖花总量。齐穗至成熟期,CRUM处理茎叶鞘氮素积累量和茎叶氮素表观转移量(TNT)均显著高于其他施氮处理。此外,在穗分化期和齐穗期,相比其他施氮处理,CRUM处理的氮素积累量、SPAD值、干物质积累量均显著增加。【结论】控释尿素机械侧深施(CRUM)是一种能提高机插水稻产量和氮素利用的有效施肥方法。
【Objective】Mechanized transplanting of rice with synchronous side deep application of fertilizer is a new and advanced technology that is still developing rapidly.In-depth studies on the effects of mechanized side deep placement of different types of nitrogen(N)fertilizer on the grain yield and N utilization efficiency of mechanized transplanted rice will be helpful for devising strategies to improve the mechanization of planting and fertilization,and to provide a theoretical basis for reducing costs and increasing fertilization efficiency in rice production.【Method】Field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 with a randomized complete block design,with five N fertilizer application treatments:N0-plots without N fertilizer;CUB-manual surface broadcast of urea(CU);CUM-mechanized side deep placement of CU;CRUB-manual surface broadcast of controlled release urea(CRU);and CRUM-mechanized side deep placement of CRU.The characteristics of matter production,as well as N uptake and distribution,N use efficiency,yield,and yield components of rice were determined.【Result】Each N fertilizer application treatment had similar effects on yield formation and N use efficiency in the two years.Compared with the CU treatment,the CRU treatment significantly improved dry matter accumulation,N uptake,N utilization efficiency,and grain yield.The dry matter accumulation and N uptake at maturity,N recovery efficiency(NRE),N agronomy efficiency(NAE),and grain yield were higher in the CRU treatment than in the CU treatment by 3.22%,17.50%,46.00%,17.79%,and 3.72%,respectively,in 2017;and by 8.77%,13.27%,32.07%,12.74%,and 3.32%,respectively,in 2018.Compared with surface broadcasting,mechanized deep placement of N fertilizer,regardless of the type of N fertilizer,significantly enhanced N use efficiency,and increased NRE and NAE by 17.91%-43.14%and 19.61%-37.39%respectively,in 2017;and by 53.80%-54.10%and 21.11%-35.11%,respectively,in 2018.Compared with surface broadcasting,mechanized deep placement of N fertilizer(CU or CRU)increased the grain yields in 2017 and 2018 by 4.46%-6.95%and 5.55%-8.11%,respectively,because of increased numbers of effective panicles and spikelets.The N uptake in stems-sheaths and leaves and the apparent amount of N translocated in stems-sheaths and leaves(TNT)were significantly higher in the CRUM treatment than in any other N application treatments from the heading stage to the maturity stage.Compared with the other N fertilizer treatments,the CRUM treatment also increased N uptake,SPAD values,and total aboveground biomass at the panicle initiation stage and full heading stage.【Conclusion】Mechanized side deep placement of controlled release urea is an efficient fertilization method to increase the grain yield and N use efficiency of mechanized transplanted rice.
作者
朱从桦
张玉屏
向镜
张义凯
武辉
王亚梁
朱德峰
陈惠哲
ZHU CongHua;ZHANG YuPing;XIANG Jing;ZHANG YiKai;WU Hui;WANG YaLiang;ZHU DeFeng;CHEN HuiZhe(China National Rice Research Institute/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology,Hangzhou 311401;Crop Research Institute of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Chengdu 610066)
出处
《中国农业科学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2019年第23期4228-4239,共12页
Scientia Agricultura Sinica
基金
浙江省重点研发项目(2019C02017)
国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0200801)
国家水稻产业技术体系(CARS-01-22)
国家自然科学基金(31501272)
浙江省三农六方科技协作项目(CTZB-F180706LWZ-SNY1-3)
关键词
水稻
控释尿素
侧深施肥
产量
氮肥利用率
rice
controlled release urea
side deep fertilization
yield
nitrogen utilization efficiency