如何重新赢得十字军东征的胜利——14世纪初期托尔塞洛的战略及其时代语境

How to Achieve a New Victory of Crusade: Torsello’s Strategy and its Context in the Early 14th Century

1291—1337年西欧一批东征理论家呼吁重新发动十字军东征。1321年托尔塞洛发表《十字信徒的奥秘》,基于现实主义的立场重新阐述东征的正当性与价值,淡化以往东征宣传的理想主义色彩;主张在地中海实施贸易禁运,与伊尔汗国结盟,吞并拜占庭帝国;建议实行“小东征”方案,排除平民的参与,限制教皇的干预,加强世俗君主的话语权。托尔塞洛还强烈主张欧洲国家管制收复后的巴勒斯坦。托尔塞洛的战略颠覆了以往十字军东征运动的性质和组织形式,契合了14世纪初期西欧世俗生活的物质需求和价值导向,呈现了主权萌芽时期西欧独特的政治格局。

In the period between 1291 and 1337,a number of crusade theorists of Western Europe had called for a re-launch of crusade and recovery of Palestine.As one of the most famous crusade theorists,Torsello had published The Book of the Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross and put forward a new crusade strategy.Standing on the standpoint of realism,he gave a new rationality and significance of the crusade,and weakened a religious idealism of crusade propaganda in the past.He advocated a trade embargo in the Mediterranean and an alliance with Mongolia Ilkhanate in order to weaken Mamluk’strength,while annexed Byzantine Empire for fear its interference the crusade.He suggested that only professional soldiers should be recruited,while the common people were excluded.And the Pope’s influence on the crusade should be limited,while the discourse power of secular polity should be strengthen.He also gave a series of recommendations of the governance of the recovered-Palestine.Torsello’s strategy was tally with material needs and value orientation of Western European secular life in the early fourteenth century. It also revealed the way the germination of national consciousness hadformed the Western European political structure.