价格支持抑或直接补贴:中等收入经济体农业政策改革趋向——对墨西哥、土耳其、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加的考察与比较

Price support or direct payment:orientation of agricultural policy reform in the middle-income economies:comparisons between Mexico,Turkey,Colombia and Costa Rica

农业政策的调整和转型对中等收入经济体农业发展和经济社会稳定等具有重要作用。本文选取墨西哥、土耳其、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加4个中等收入经济体为样本,应用生产者支持估计方法对农业政策改革进展、结构变化和扭曲效应等进行分析。研究表明:中等收入经济体对农业施以支持保护以对农业生产者的政策支持为主,受财政能力和政策实施条件等限制,主要采取市场价格支持方式;与脱钩补贴相比,挂钩补贴措施日益增加,挂钩类型在逐步增多,其中投入品补贴是其重要选项,尽管补贴结构较为简单,但政策目标较为明确、指向清晰;政府综合服务支持逐步水平提高,注重投向农业创新和基础设施维护;支持重点的不断变化和支持水平的大幅波动意味着其政策稳定性仍有待加强。这对中低收入经济体和后发国家的农业政策制定、改革与调整有重要启示。

The transformation of agricultural policy plays an important role in agricultural development and economicsocial stability in the middle-income economies.Taking four middle-income countries as samples,including Mexico,Turkey,Colombia and Costa Rica,the paper analyzes the reform effects,structural changes,and distortion effects of agricultural policies based on the method and indicators of the producer support estimates.The result shows that agricultural support policies in middle-income economies mainly concentrate on those producers and market price support measures due to their policy implementation conditions and finance capacity.Compared with decoupling payment,coupled payment for agriculture is increasing and input subsidies are important policies choice,which means polices targeted and directional are strengthening.Distortion of agricultural market is gradually weakening,reflected through the increasing level of agricultural general service,agricultural innovation and infrastructure.The change of polices support construction and emphasis means that policies stability is needed to enhance.Those conclusions are significant enlightenments and experiences for agricultural policies reform in the middle-income economies and low-income economies.