日本性别政策演进分析——从“男性养家”迈向工作与生活平衡

Changes in Gender Policy in Japan from a Center on “Male-Breadwinners” to a Balance between Work and Life

性别政策的推进为陷入困境的日本社会政策打开一扇大门。2007年日本颁布《工作与生活平衡宪章》,此后又相继发布《活跃女性职业生活促进法》、劳动方式改革大纲、《劳动方式改革相关法》等,加快了性别政策制度建设的步伐。在社会政策中嵌入性别视角以后,劳动和生活领域出现了新变化。日本总和生育率在2005年一度下滑到1. 26,2010年之后逐步回升到1. 40以上。处在抚养子女时期的女性的劳动参与率也出现持续上升,"M"形女性就业形态有了根本性改变。本文重点解析日本在性别政策路径上出现的"男性养家"、经济地位"男女平等"、"工作与生活平衡"三个发展阶段,展示日本在经济结构转型和人口结构转型之中、在东西方性别文化和家庭文化冲撞当中寻找适合自身发展路径的经验和教训。

Changes in gender policy have opened doors for social policy to come out of a stalemate in Japan. In 2007,the government and the electorate together promoted the adoption of the Charter of a Balance between Work and Life,and later,the Law on the Promotion of Women’s Employment,the Law on Work Style Reforms,and Related Law on Work Style Reforms,leading towards change in gender policy.Once a gender perspective was incorporated in social policy,changes started to occur in work and life. The overall fertility rate went down to 1. 26 in 2005. In 2010,however,it came back up to 1. 40. The rate of labour participation among women of bearing ages continued to rise,completely altering the M style of employment among Japanese women. This paper is focused on the changes in gender policy in Japan that helped the transition from a center on male-breadwinners,through equality between men and women,and to a balance between work and life,so as to identify the experiences and lessons learned in Japanese search of women’s development in economic transition and transition in demography,and the intersection of West and East gender cultures and family cultures.