论外商投资的准入许可

On the Entry Licensing for Foreign Investment

长期以来,我国对外商投资实行准入后国民待遇加分类清单管理模式,并通过设立身份和行为的双重许可对外商投资实施准入管理。以自贸试验区改革试点为契机,我国逐步确立了外商投资的准入前国民待遇加负面清单管理模式,并通过《外商投资法》予以确认。以负面清单为核心的外商投资准入许可制度,有效地提升了外商投资管理的开放性和透明度。不同于针对本国投资者的市场准入许可,外商投资的准入许可,不具有恢复自由的特征。其中,涉及主体资格的身份准入许可属于创设性特许,涉及经营资格的行为准入许可属于准照。因不牵涉对私人自由权的保障,且许可审查侧重于公益及政策性考量,外商投资的准入许可,在许可条件的设定、许可申请的审查,以及司法审查的强度等方面,具有特殊性。

Under the current legal system of foreign investment,China adopt the“after-establishment national treatment”for foreign investment and investors.The foreign investor has to obtain an administrative licensing prior to establishing a foreign investment enterprise;the foreign investment enterprise has to obtain an administrative licensing or register with the authority responsible for foreign trade prior to dealing in a business activity.“Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China”(Draft for comments)have adopted a foreign investment administration approach which combines“pre-establishment national treatment”with the“negative list”.Under the new management system,the foreign investors do not need to obtain the administrative licensing if the investment activities outside the“negative list”.However,unlike the market entry permit for domestic investors,the entry licensing for foreign investment is a license.Because it does not involve the protection of private liberty,and the licensing review focuses on public interest and policy considerations.Thus,the entry licensing is special in terms of licensing conditions,review of licensing applications,and intensity of judicial review.