初中生家庭文化资本与影子教育获得——基于控制要素的调查问卷

Cultural Capital in the Families of Junior Middle School Students and Their Access to Shadow Education——A Questionnaire Based on Control Factors

在政府不断推进教育公平的背景下,影子教育逐渐成为学生在学校教育之外开展竞争的“第二战场”,而对于谁能参加影子教育以及学习什么内容的课外班,家庭文化资本提供了一个解释的方向。依据布迪厄的文化资本理论,采用中国教育追踪调查2013—2014年的基线调查数据,探究家庭文化资本与影子教育获得及参与类型的关系。研究发现,在初中生的影子教育获得方面,家庭文化资本的具体化形态、客观化形态和制度化形态均具有显著正向影响,家庭文化资本中不同形态发挥的作用存在着差异,同一形态中不同维度的作用也有所不同。在具体化文化资本方面,家长教育期望越高的学生更有可能只参加学术类课程,而与父母进行文化活动次数越多的学生只参加才艺类课程以及两种课程都参加的机会更大。在客观化文化资本方面,家庭藏书量多的学生两种课外班都参加的可能性更大,而拥有独立书桌的学生更有可能只参加学术类课程。在制度化文化资本方面,父母受教育年限更高的学生两种课程都参加的可能性更大。研究认为,影子教育作为文化资本传递和转化的一种方式,实现了家庭资本优势的代际传递,进而推动了社会结构的再生产。

The access to extracurricular classes or the so-called shadow education has become the second battleground for students to compete against each other in their after-school studies when the country has taken intensified efforts to ensure the fairness and justice of its formal education.Cultural capital in a family has a final say in who can attend after-school training and what kinds of extracurricular classes they go.Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital,this paper makes a usage of the China Education Panel Survey’s baseline survey data to explore the relationship between family cultural capital and the acquisition of shadow education and the relationship between family cultural capital and curricular types.The study finds that the forms of family cultural capital have a significant and positive impact upon the access of shadow education.Family cultural capital will play varying roles when they are presented in different forms and even if they are in the same form yet in different dimensions.As for the demonstration of family cultural capital in any specific forms,students are more likely to attend extracurricular classes on academic courses when their parents have had high expectations of them.Meanwhile,their peers who have frequently taken part in cultural activities along with their parents are expected to participate only in talent training classes or the classes of talent and academic studies simultaneously.As for those students who are from the family of cultural capital in objective form,they are more likely to attend both extracurricular classes when there are a large number of books at their home,while their counterparts with independent desks are more inclined to take part in academic courses.Children are more likely to participate in both courses when their family cultural capital is in institutionalized form and their parents have received higher education.This study thus concludes that shadow education,which is a carrier for the transferring and transformation of cultural capital,has intensified existing strengths of shadow education in intergenerational transmission and promotes the reproduction of social structure.