中英个人信息犯罪比较研究

Comparative Research on Personal Information Offences between China and the United Kingdom

中英个人信息犯罪的差异表现在诸多方面。立法模式上,英国采罪群模式,《2018数据保护法案》共规定了13个罪名,可分为四大罪群;我国采单一罪名模式,《刑法》以侵犯公民个人信息罪统一规制买卖、提供与非法获取个人信息的行为。定罪模式上,英国检察官与ICO均有权起诉,警告是案件分流的重要措施;我国以司法解释细化侵犯公民个人信息罪的追诉标准,"情节严重"的才构成犯罪。犯罪构成上,两国在个人信息的定义、犯罪主体、行为方式、主观过错上存在异同。刑事责任上,英国只配置了罚金刑,我国配置了自由刑和罚金刑。未来,个人信息犯罪将围绕具体的个人信息权利、义务不断完善。

There are many differences between Chinese and English personal information crimes.In terms of legislation mode,the UK adopts the mode of crime group.The Data Protection Act 2018 stipulates 13 charges in total,which can be divided into four major crime groups.China adopts the single charge mode,and the Criminal Law uniformly regulates the behavior of buying,selling,providing and illegally obtaining personal information with the crime of infringing upon personal information of citizens.In the UK,both prosecutors and ICO can decide to prosecute or not,and caution is the most common punishment when they decide not to prosecute.China refined the prosecution standard through judicial interpretation and only when the circumstances are serious can the doer be prosecuted.On the constitution of crime,two countries have similarities and differences in the definition of personal information,the subject of the offences,the mode of behavior and the fault.In term of criminal liability,the UK only allocates fine to personal information offences,while China uses imprisonment and fine.In the future,personal information offences will focus on the specific rights and obligations of personal information.