基因编辑的法哲学辨思

Reflection on Genome Editing in the Perspective of Legal Philosophy

当今时代基因科技正对人类产生深刻影响,基因编辑所引发的问题复杂多元,其中既有科技的又有法律的,还有哲学的和道德伦理的,因此,有必要从法哲学的视角研究和思考基因科技将会给人类带来何种影响和根本性的威胁。基因造人工程的背后预设了一套优生学思想,而无论是旧式的以国家为主导的优生学,还是自由主义的新优生学,都面临着一些内在的局限和批评。基因编辑通过人为地干预人的自然生殖的过程,打破了人类自出生就本应享有的平等和自由前提。在深刻影响人类生存命运的方面,它会破坏人的自然本性、侵犯人之尊严和干涉未来人的自主性。基因工程的可能界限在于,既要允许一定限度内的科研自由活动,同时又要将基因编辑严格限制在以治疗为目的的范围之内。充分尊重和保障潜在者可主张的"开放性未来之权利",让其自主地规划和主宰自己的可能生活。

In the current era of artificial intelligence, genetic technology is changing the nature of human beings at a deeper level. The problems caused by genome editing are complex and diverse, including both technological and legal, in addition to philosophical and ethical ones. Discussion from perspective of legal philosophy will integrate law, philosophy and morality, and it will lead us to reflect on the fundamental threats that genetic technology will bring to humanity. The gene-making-men project presupposes a set of eugenics ideas, however, both the old state-dominated eugenics and the new liberal eugenics will inevitably face some inherent limitations and criticisms. By artificially interfering with the natural reproductive process, genome editing breaks the premise that humanity should have enjoyed equality and freedom from birth. As far as its profound influence on the destiny of human life is concerned, it will destroy human nature, violate human dignity and interfere with the autonomy of potential subjects. The possible limits of genetic engineering lie in allowing scientific research activities within a certain limit, while at the same time strictly limiting genome editing to therapeutic purposes. Given full respect and protection of the "right to have an open future," the potentials can better independently plan and dominate their possible life.