减施化肥配施有机肥对大拱棚早春西瓜生长及品质的影响

Effects of Reduced Chemical Fertilization and Organic Fertilizer Supplement on Growth and Quality of Early-spring Watermelon in Large Arch Shed

以大拱棚早春西瓜为试材,采用田间小区试验方式,设置常量施肥处理(T1)、减量施肥下配施不同种类及用量有机肥(T2~T4)、优化施肥下配施不同种类及用量有机肥(T5~T8)等处理,研究了不同施肥处理对大拱棚早春西瓜生长、叶片及根系生理特性及产量、品质的影响,以期在应用不同种类及用量的有机肥替代化肥技术奠定理论基础。结果表明:与常量施肥T1(每667 m2施入化肥N为15 kg,P2O5为15 kg,K2O为15 kg)相比,化肥减施(每667 m2施入化肥N为10 kg,P2O5为10 kg,K2O为10 kg)配施有机肥(稻壳粪、鸡粪、稻壳粪+鸡粪)T2~T4处理促进了西瓜主蔓的伸长,增加了叶绿素a含量。与T1、T5纯化肥处理相比,配施有机肥的各处理显著提高了根系活力。与T1相比,T2、T3处理的西瓜产量有所提高,但未达显著水平,而优化施肥(每667 m2施入化肥N为7.64 kg,P2O5为5.11 kg,K2O为8.48 kg)T5及配施有机肥(稻壳粪、鸡粪、稻壳粪+鸡粪)的T6~T8处理产量呈降低趋势。与纯化肥处理T1、T5相比,减施化肥配施有机肥同时增加了中心、边际可溶性固形物质量分数,增施有机肥促进了有机酸的形成。优化施肥各处理的糖酸比均处于相对较高的水平。与纯化肥处理T1、T5相比,增施有机肥提高了西瓜果实中的可溶性蛋白质、番茄红素、瓜氨酸含量,降低了西瓜果实中的硝酸盐含量。综上,当化肥氮磷钾减量33.3%同时配施一定量的稻壳粪及鸡粪,产量虽未显著增加,但西瓜植株干物质积累增加,西瓜风味品质改善;当化肥氮减量49.1%、磷减量65.9%、钾减量43.5%及配施一定量的稻壳粪及鸡粪时,产量降低显著,但西瓜硝酸盐含量显著降低。

The early spring watermelon growed in large arch shed was used as the test material in the field plot test,the experiment was carried out with the farmer′s normal fertilization treatment(T1),the different types and amounts of organic fertilizer(T2-T4) under the reduced fertilization,and the different types and dosages under the optimized fertilization(T5-T8) treatment of organic fertilizer to study the effects of different fertilization combinations on the growth,leaf and root physiological characteristics,yield and quality of early spring watermelon in large arch shed,in order to lay a theoretical foundation for the application of different types and amounts of organic fertilizer to replace fertilizer technology.The results showed that,compared with the constant fertilization T1(chemical nutrients,15 kg N,15 kg P2O5,15 kg K2O)·(667 m2)-1,the fertilization was reduced(chemical nutrients,10 kg N,10 kg P2O5,10 kg K2O)·(667 m2)-1 with organic fertilizer(rice-hull manure,chicken manure,rice-hull manure+chicken manure) T2-T4 treatment promoted the elongation of watermelon main vine,increased content of chlorophyll a.Compared with the T1 and T5(purified fertilizer treatments),the treatments with organic fertilizer significantly increased the root activity.Compared with T1,the yield of watermelon treated with T2 and T3 were improved,but it did not reach a significant level,and the optimized fertilization(chemical nutrients per 667 m2,7.64 kg N,5.11 kg P2O5,8.48 kg K2O) T5 and T6-T8(rice-hull manure,chicken manure,rice-hull manure+chicken manure) decreased.Compared with the T1 and T5 with purified fertilizer,the reduction of chemical fertilizers combined with organic fertilizer increased the mass fraction of central and marginal soluble solids,and the application of organic fertilizer promoted the formation of organic acids.The ratio of sugar to acid in each treatment of optimized fertilization was at a relatively high level.Compared with the treatment of purified fertilizer,T1 and T5,the application of organic fertilizer increased the content of soluble protein,lycopene and citrulline in watermelon fruit,and decreased the content of nitrate in watermelon fruit.In summary,when the NPK reduction of chemical fertilizers was 33.3% and a certain amount of rice-hull manure and chicken manure were applied,the yield showed no increase significantly,but the dry matter accumulation of watermelon plants increased,and the flavor quality of watermelon improved.When the fertilizer nitrogen reduced 49.1%,the phosphorus 65.9% and the potassium 43.5%,and the amount of rice-hull manure and chicken manure was applied,the yield decreased significantly,but the nitrate content of watermelon decreased significantly.