Engineered nanoparticles circumvent the adaptive treatment tolerance to immune-checkpoint blockade therapy

The fight against cancer has witnessed the rapid develop・ment of various therapeutic methodologies,including chemotherapy,surgery,radiotherapy,phototherapy,and the emerging immunotherapy[1].However,malignancies evolve adaptive tolerance under the threatening conditions upon therapies because of some potential biological or genetic mutations,which may cause serious adverse events,compromised therapeutic efficacy and even treatment failure.For instance,following the standard chemotherapy with paclitaxel,primary breast cancer can release exosomes that facilitate the seeding and growth of metastatic cancer cells in distant organs[2].Therefore,the term"adaptive treatment tolerance"(ATT),rather than"drug resistance",has been employed to better describe the dynamic evolution of this phenomenon during/post cancer therapy.