剥削非正义的规范依据:不平等抑或不自由——约翰·罗默与杰弗·雷曼关于“马克思剥削概念”论争的一个考察

Inequality or Illiberality as the Normative Basis for the Injustice of Exploitation: An Investigation into the Debate of “Marx’s Concept of Exploitation” between John Roemer and Jeffrey Reiman

剥削非正义的规范依据是约翰·罗默与杰弗·雷曼关于"马克思剥削概念"论争的核心议题。罗默认为,马克思的剥削概念包括"不平等交换"和"财产关系"两个定义,二者分别阐明了在消费品交换中形成的不平等占有和由生产资料决定的不平等占有。因而,剥削非正义的规范依据是不平等。雷曼认为,马克思的剥削概念应当是"包含强迫"定义,包括"未付酬劳动"与"结构性强迫"两个方面,因而剥削非正义的规范依据是不自由,罗默误解了马克思所说的剥削。罗默回应了雷曼的批判,但其观点不能容纳雷曼的批判,同时雷曼也存在理论困境并一定程度上偏离了马克思。二者的论争虽与自由主义话语存在"亲缘"关系,但蕴含着马克思正义理论可能的规范进路,而这对马克思正义理论的当代建构具有一定启示意义。

The normative basis for the injustice of exploitation is the core issue in the debate of"Marx’s concept of exploitation"between John Roemer and Jeffrey Reiman. According to Roemer,Marx’s concept of exploitation includes the definitions of "unequal exchange"and "property relation",which respectively clarify the unequal possession formed in the exchange of consumer goods and that determined by means of production. Thus,the normative basis for the injustice of exploitation is inequality. In contrast,while holding that Marx’s concept of exploitation should be a "force-based"conception,involving "unpaid labor"and "structural force",Reiman stated that the normative basis for exploiting injustice was illiberality and Roemer misunderstood Marx’s exploitation. Although Roemer responded to Reiman’s criticism,his positions were not compatible with Reiman’s criticism. At the same time,Reiman also faced a theoretical dilemma and partly deviated from Marx. Despite their argument’s kinship connection with liberal discourse,it contains the possibly normative approach to Marx’s theory of justice,which is of enlightenment for the contemporary construction of Marx’s theory of justice.