仪式的浮沉:民国植树节的设立、演变与没落

Ritual Ups and Downs: Establishment, Evolution and Decline of Tree Planting Day in the Republic of China

孙中山是近代较早关注到森林与民生关系的著名人士,并在《实业计划》中提出了在中国中北部建造森林的计划。这对民国植树节的设立与演变产生了直接影响。1915年7月,北京政府规定每年清明节为植树节,当日举行植树典礼,倡导国民植树。南京国民政府成立后,改清明植树节为总理逝世纪念植树式,并于当日举行植树仪式,倡建中山林。新植树节的设立不仅有缅怀孙中山之故,而且有革故鼎新之意,植树节典礼仪式更兼有政治认同的寓意。此后,国民党中央党部把造林运动作为七项国策运动之一,并把植树造林看作是实现民生主义的基础。但随着国民党中山纪念的神圣化,植树节背负的政治寓意愈来愈重,植树典礼仪式逐渐形式化,使民国植树造林运动弊病丛生,造林成绩有限。

Sun Yat-sen was a Famous personage who paid attention to the relationship between forest and people’s livelihood earlier in modern times.In the international development of China,Sun Yat-sen put forward a plan to build forests in the north-central part of China.That had a direct impact on the establishment and evolution of Tree Planting Day in the Republic of China.In July 1915,the Beijing Government designated the Qingming Festival as the Tree Planting Day every year.On that day,a tree planting ritual was held to advocate national tree planting.After the founding of the Nanjing National Government,the Qingming Tree Planting Festival was transformed into a tree-planting ritual for the premier’s death.On that day,a tree-planting ritual was held to advocate the construction of Zhongshan Forest.The establishment of New Tree Planting Day not only remembered Sun Yat-sen,but also had a meaning of reforming the past.The ritual of New Tree Planting Day had a moral of political identity.Afterwards,the KMT Central Party took the afforestation movement as one of the seven national policy campaigns,and regarded afforestation as the basis of realizing people’s livelihood.However,with the sacred commemoration of the KMT’s Zhongshan Mountains,the political implication of the Tree Planting Day had become more and more serious,and the ritual of planting trees had gradually been formalized,which had resulted in numerous malpractices of the afforestation movement in the Republic of China and limited achievements in afforestation.