从女性角色切入探讨《吉尔伽美什》史诗

An Interpretation of the Epic of Gilgamesh based on its Female Characters

《吉尔伽美什》是人类已知最古老的史诗,是苏美尔-巴比伦文学的最高成就。以女性角色为切入点解读《吉尔伽美什》,虽已有一定的成果,但尚待进一步发掘。史诗中从宁孙女神到Shiduri,构建了一条吉尔伽美什的成长路线,并可根据角色划分为宁孙时期、恩启都时期与Shiduri时期。其中的恩启都作为史诗的第二主角,虽是男性形象,但文本多次暗示了他其实是具有女性符号特征的妻子形象,并与具有神圣母亲特征的神妓Shamhat构成乱伦关系。而在史诗中登场的另外两位女神阿鲁鲁与伊什妲尔都是吉尔伽美什的阻碍者,她们二人分别对吉尔伽美什形成阻碍的事件在结构与作用上也具有极其相似的特征。

The Epic of Gilgamesh is the oldest epic known to human and the highest achievement of Sumerian-Babylonian literature.The study on the epic of Gilgamesh based on its female characters has reached some achievements,but far from sufficient.In the epic,from the Ningsun goddess to Shiduri,a growth route of Gilgamesh was constructed,and it can be divided into Ningsun period,Enqidu period and Shiduri period according to the role.Among them,Enkidu is the second protagonist of the epic.Although he is a male character,the text has repeatedly hinted that he is also an image of Gilgamesh's wife and Enkidu has some characteristics of a female symbol.It also constitutes an incestuous relationship with the shrine of the holy mother.The other two goddesses,Aruru and Ishmu,who appeared in the epic,are the obstacles of Gilgamesh.The events that hindered the formation of Gilgamesh by them are also very similar in structure and function.