产业集聚与中国企业出口行为:基于企业劳动力成本的研究

Industrial Agglomeration Effects on Chinese Enterprises’ Export Behavior: Based on Enterprise Labor Cost

文章从企业劳动力成本视角构建了产业集聚与企业出口行为的理论模型,采用微观数据进行计量检验。通过合成工具变量方法解决了产业集聚和企业出口之间的联立方程内生性问题,并通过Heckman二元选择模型解决了选择偏误引起的内生性问题。研究发现,产业集聚显著促进企业出口二元边际,并且通过劳动力蓄水池效应抵消了劳动力成本攀升对企业出口的负向影响。在进一步分析中发现:产业集聚对企业出口的扩展边际存在拟凹型关系,而对企业出口的集约边际存在拟线性关系;贸易自由化强化了产业集聚缓解企业劳动力成本压力所带来的企业出口负效应;本地基础设施有利于企业进入出口市场与扩大企业出口规模;产业集聚通过劳动力蓄水池效应抵消劳动力成本压力所带来的负效应,从行业类型来看技术密集型企业强度最大,从所有制类型来看外商投资企业作用最强,并且对企业出口扩展边际的作用程度大于企业出口集约边际的影响。上述研究结果意味着,扩大贸易开放引进高质量中间产品,完善本地基础设施,大力吸引人才形成人才集聚和产业集聚互动,是提升中国企业出口核心竞争力的重要路径。

The paper constructs a theoretical model of industrial agglomeration and corporate export behavior from the perspective of enterprises’labor cost,and uses micro data to conduct measurement test.The endogenous problem of simultaneous equations between industrial agglomeration and enterprise export is solved by the synthetic tool variable method,and the endogenous problem caused by selection bias is solved by Heckman binary selection model.The research finds that industrial agglomeration significantly promoted the binary margin of enterprise exports,and offset the negative impact of rising labor costs on corporate exports through the labor reservoir effect.In further analysis,there is a quasi-concave relationship between the industrial agglomeration and the expansion margin of the enterprise’s export,and there is a quasi-linear relationship with the intensive margin of the enterprise’s export.Trade liberalization strengthens the negative effects of corporate export brought about by industrial agglomeration and the pressure on labor costs of enterprises.Local infrastructure is conducive to enterprises entering the export market and expanding the scale of enterprise exports.Industrial agglomeration offsets the pressure of labor cost pressure through the labor reservoir effect.From the perspective of industry type,technology-intensive enterprises have the strongest strength.From the perspective of ownership type,foreign-invested enterprises have the strongest effect.Expanding trade and opening up to introduce highquality intermediate products,improving local infrastructure,and attracting talents to form talent gathering and industrial agglomeration interactions are important ways to enhance the core competitiveness of Chinese enterprises.