论乡村振兴战略实施中村庄结构性分化困境及其化解路径

On the Dilemma of Village Structural Differentiation in the Implementation of Rural Revitalization Strategy and Its Solution

实施乡村振兴战略是解决我国发展不平衡不充分问题的系统布局,也是加快推进农业农村现代化的重要举措。在"产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕"的系统布局中,产业兴旺是前提,生态宜居和乡风文明是基础,治理有效是保障,生活富裕是根本。然而,在工业化城市化的过程中,农村已普遍产生了两种结构性分化,即以工业化城市化或者某种资源优势为基础的区域先发优势村庄和一般性农业生产型村庄的分化,农村经济精英和知识精英与普通农民的分化。这一分化的主要特点是一般性农业生产型村庄往往出现"精英进城、老人留守、村庄空心化"的衰落调敝景象,这一景象很难通过单一的外部资源输入在较短时间内予以改变,或者说很难以政府集中运动的方式来改变。这意味着,实施乡村振兴战略将是一个长期和自然推进的过程,政府必须通过系统的政策引导和制度供给,并在尊重市场机制的前提下,有步骤有重点地给予"人—地—钱"的支持,由此形成一个政府支持、农民主导和市场运作相结合的推进路径,不断化解乡村振兴战略实施中面临的结构性分化的困境。

Implementing the strategy of rural revitalization is not only a systematic layout to solve the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development in China,but also an important measure to accelerate the modernization of agriculture and rural areas.In the systematic layout of "industrial prosperity,ecological livability,rural civilization,effective governance,life prosperity",industrial prosperity is the premise,ecological livabitity and rural civilization are the foundation,effective governance is the guarantee,and prosperity is the fundamental.However,there are generally two kinds of structural differentiation in rural areas in the process of industrialization and urbanization,which are the differentiation between the regional first-mover advantage villages and the average agricultural production villages based on industrialization and urbanization or certain resource advantages,and the differentiation among the rural economic elite,intellectual elite and ordinary farmers.One of the main features of the differentiation is that the average agricultural production v订1 ages are showing declining scenes of"elite entering the city,the elderly being left behind,and the villages being emptied",which is difficult to change in a short period of time through a single external resources input,or it is difficult to change through centralized government movement.This means that the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy will be a long-term and natural promotion process.Based on the systematic policy guidance and institutional supply by the government,the premise of respecting the market mechanism,and the support of"people-land-money"step by step,it will form a promotion path which combining government support,farmer dominance and market operation,and thus continuously solve the plight of structural differentiation during the implementation of rural revitalization strategy.