明朝对“达官”的管理与优遇

The Management and Favorable Treatment of"Da Guan"(Tatar officials) in Ming Dynasty

自永乐朝始,明廷对于来自境外的"归降者"有意识的封授武职,赐予汉姓,安插于军卫,从而形成了特殊的"达官"集团。为了安抚、拉拢"达官",使之能真正融入明朝的制度体系之中,明廷在授职、支俸、承袭、生活待遇诸多方面给予了其超过汉官的待遇。明廷对"达官"的优遇措施增强了这一特殊群体的政治认同感。"达官"历经明代军制的多次调整,却保持不变,充分显示了明廷对这一群体的肯定与信任,也是明朝军事体系包容性的体现。

Since the beginning of the Yongle period,the Ming government had consciously provided the military officer position to the"surrendered"from outside the jurisdiction,granted them Han Chinese surnames and placed them in the garrisons,thus forming a special group of"Da Guan"(Tatar officials).In order to appease and attract the"Da Guan"and make them really integrate into the system of the Ming Dynasty,the government gave them more favorable treatment than the Han officials in terms of the granting of posts,salaries,inheritance and living conditions.The favorable treatment of"Da Guan"strengthened the political identity of this special group.Although the military system of the Ming Dynasty was adjusted many times,the policy of"Da Guan"remained unchanged,which fully showed the Ming government’s affirmation and trust to this group,and also reflected the inclusiveness of the military system of Ming Dynasty.