侵权责任之惩罚性赔偿

Punitive Damages to Torts Liability

基于侵权责任引发的惩罚性赔偿规定散见于多个不同法律部门,且适用范围日趋扩大,但各部门法规范彼此交叉混同、不成体系,有损法制统一。作为民事基本法的《侵权责任法》,仅在第47条对产品侵权责任之惩罚性赔偿作出规定,适用范围狭窄,难以肩负整合体系之重任。应在《侵权责任法》第二章"责任承担"中对侵权责任之惩罚性赔偿作出一般性规定,指引其他部门法对此类惩罚性赔偿做更为具体的规定。适当扩大解释"商品""消费者"和"经营者",以《消费者权益保护法》(下称《消法》)第55条第二款作为消费者权益保护领域惩罚性赔偿的一般性规定;在食品侵权责任之惩罚性赔偿上构建"《食品安全法》第148条+《消法》第55条第二款"的法律适用公式;在医疗产品侵权责任之惩罚性赔偿上构建"法释[2017]20号第23条+《消法》第55条第二款"的法律适用公式;在旅游服务侵权责任之惩罚性赔偿上构建"《旅游法》第70条+《消法》第55条第二款"的法律适用公式。构建一般规定与特别规定相互补位的法律体系,实现法律体系稳定性和开放性的统一,以应对惩罚性赔偿制度的发展。

In our legal system, there exists a complex legal rule group that causes punitive damages for infringement of consumers’ rights and interests. The punitive damages system itself is independent of the filling of the compensation system, and does not depend on other civil liability. The prosecution of punitive damages is not necessarily associated with other civil liability claims. Punitive damages that infringe on the rights and interests of consumers can be divided into punitive damages based on tort liability and punitive damages based on contractual liability. In the case of damages caused by the rights and interests of consumers, there are many cases of punitive damages caused by tort liability, and they are contradictory. It should be systematized to clarify their respective standards. At present, the parts of the civil code is submitted for review, if general provisions of punitive damages based on tort liability can be made on in chapter "liability bearing" of the tort liability compilation of the civil code, the whole system of punitive damages based on tort liability should be integrated.Meanwhile, article 55, paragraph 2 of the Consumer protection Law should be appropriately improved from the perspective of legal hermeneutics to guide the improvement and application of article 148 of the Food safety Law, article 70 of the Tourism Law and article 23 of No.20 interpretation of law(2017), so that the whole system can be coordinated.