客观相对收入与主观经济地位:基于集体主义视角的经验证据

Relative Income and Subjective Economic Status: The Collectivist Perspective

本文利用“中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)”数据,从集体主义文化的视角研究了人们客观相对收入对主观经济地位的影响。考虑了内生性问题的回归结果显示,人们在其所在区县的客观相对收入水平对其主观经济地位有着显著的积极影响,即客观相对收入水平越高,则主观经济地位越高。进一步地,本文在“集体主义”变量构建的基础上,实证检验了“集体主义”背景下客观相对收入对主观经济地位的异质性影响,发现在集体主义文化氛围更加浓厚的地区,人们的客观相对收入对其主观经济地位的影响更大。本文的政策涵义在于,经济发展过程中需要重视相对收入的分化和主观经济地位感知,它不仅影响到人们的经济行为,更影响人们的幸福获得,政府在再分配政策的制定和实施过程中要充分考虑地区文化差异的重要作用。

Summary:Ever since Duesenberry developed his relative income hypothesis in 1994,studies in economics have evaluated the considerable impact of the“comparison effect”or“demonstration effect”on economic behavior and welfare levels.An enormous body of research has empirically verified the effect of relative income on economic behavior and welfare levels as measured by happiness or life satisfaction.In reality,it is normally the subjective perception of the objective relative income,rather than the actual objective relative income,that impacts an individual.Subjective economic status is defined as a person s subjective perception of an objective economic position.Subjective perceptions such as relative income or consumption levels are important concepts in the study of subjective welfare.A subjective perception of a relative economic position is also related to subjective cognition of social identity or position on the social-economic ladder.Unlike objective relative incomes or expense levels,subjective economic status is influenced by psychological features,cultural traditions,and the social environment and is heterogeneous across individuals and areas.Given that the willingness of individuals to engage in social comparisons varies with cultural endowments,the impact of objective income on subjective economic status may also vary across different social-cultural environments.We assess how objective relative income influences subjective economic status and how the impacts vary across different cultural environments.The results lead to a better understands how the subjective welfare of individuals is formed and the regional variations in subjective welfare that are due to cultural differences.This introduces a new perspective to studying the impact of economic development,technical advances,and cultural traditions on individuals welfare levels and behavior.Using the collected survey data from the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS 2010 and 2012),we evaluate the main factors,including objective relative income,that affect individuals subjective economic status.Based on the finding that there exists a significant mismatch between objective relative income and subjective economic status,we find that although the objective relative income of an individual plays an important role in determining subjective economic status,other factors including household socioeconomic characteristics,education level,gender,marital status,religion,self-evaluated health level,future expectations,and psychological features also have significant effects on subjective economic status.More specifically,we find that higher family income and education levels and better health and life expectancy significantly correlate with higher subjective economic status,and that married people and males have significantly higher subjective economic status than unmarried people and females.There are also significant differences in subjective economic status across employment and religious types.Furthermore,we consider the role of culture in subjective economic status and find that objective relative income has a stronger effect on subjective economic status in areas with collectivist cultures than in areas with individualist cultures.This conclusion is consistent with a key feature of collectivism:as collectivists care more about their relative position in the collective,they might be more sensitive to subjective perceptions than to objective relative income.Our study makes several potential contributions to the literarure.(1)We supplement the literature on the factors that influence subjective economic status and subjective economic welfare.(2)We construct an index for evaluating collectivism and assessing the impacts of objective relative income on subjective economic status across areas with different culture endowments.(3)We introduce a possible mechanism to explain how culture affects individuals welfare and incorporates culture factors into a microeconomic research framework.