砂姜黑土夏花生氮磷钾吸收与分配特征研究

Characteristics of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Absorption and Distribution of Summer Peanut in Lime Concretion Black Soil Region

了解砂姜黑土地区花生养分的吸收特征,根据花生的需肥特点进行合理施肥,从而提高该地区花生产量和肥料利用率,为该地区花生生产合理施肥提供理论依据。通过田间试验,在花生不同生育时期取样分析植株不同器官养分累积量,研究砂姜黑土地区夏花生养分吸收与分配特征。结果表明:(1)随着花生的生长发育,营养器官根、茎、叶中的氮素含量总体呈下降趋势,并在成熟期降到最低值;磷素含量总体呈现平稳的趋势;茎、叶中的钾素含量呈现"S"型变化,根中钾素含量呈先降后增的趋势。营养器官氮素含量叶片>根>茎;钾素含量茎>叶>根。荚果中氮、磷、钾的含量分别高于根、茎、叶中氮、磷、钾的含量。(2)花生植株氮、磷、钾的累积吸收量随着生育期的推进和生物量的不断增加而逐渐增加,收获期吸收量达到最大值,氮:磷:钾的吸收比例为1.00:(0.20~0.32):(0.47~0.95)。(3)氮、磷、钾在砂姜黑土夏花生各器官中的分配比例,苗期均以茎叶为主,根的分配量相对较少;结荚期开始主要以荚果为主,根、茎、叶中的养分累积量逐渐减少,并向荚果中转移;成熟期荚果中的氮、磷、钾累积量达到最大值,氮素累积量占整株的93.50%、磷素为89.16%、钾素为69.30%,氮、磷、钾在根、茎、叶和荚果中的分配比例分别为0.47%:4.05%:1.98%:93.50%、0.66%:8.32%:1.87%:89.16%和1.32%:24.04%:5.26%:69.39%。综上,结荚至饱果期是花生养分吸收的高峰期,生产上应根据花生不同生育时期的需肥特性,合理安排施肥,确保满足生长后期的养分需求,以增加产量。

To understand the nutrient absorption characteristics of peanut in lime concretion black soil area and to reasonably conduct fertilization according to peanut fertilizer requirements could improve peanut yield and fertilizer utilization rate.The authors studied the characteristics of nutrients’uptake and distribution of summer peanut in lime concretion black soil area through analyzing the nutrient accumulation of different organs in different peanut growth stages in field experiment.The results showed that:(1)the nitrogen contents in vegetative organs of roots,stems and leaves showed a downward trend,and decreased to the lowest value in the mature period;phosphorus content showed a stable trend in general;the potassium content in stems and leaves showed a change of"S"type,the content of potassium in roots decreased first and then increased;nitrogen content in leaves was higher than that in roots and stems;the potassium content in stems was higher than that in leaves and roots;the contents of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in pods were always higher than that in roots,stems and leaves;(2)the cumulative uptake of N,P and K in peanut plants increased gradually with the increase of growth period and biomass;the maximum amount of uptake was reached at the harvest stage,the ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium was 1.00:(0.20~0.32):(0.47~0.95);(3)there were different distribution proportions of N,P and K in different organs,and there were more content of N,P and K in stems and leaves at the seedling stage,roots distribution amount was relatively less;the accumulation of N,P and K were mainly in the pods from the beginning in the podding stage;the nutrient accumulation in roots,stems and leaves decreased gradually,and transferred to pods;the accumulation of N,P and K in pods reached the maximum value at the maturing stage;nitrogen accumulation accounted for 93.50%of the whole plant,phosphorus was 89.16%,and potassium was 69.30%;the distribution proportion of N,P and K in roots,stems,leaves and pods were 0.47%:4.05%:1.98%:93.50%,0.66%:8.32%:1.87%:89.16%and 1.32%:24.04%:5.26%:69.39.In conclusion,there is a peak of peanut nutrient absorption from the podding to the pod filling stage.To increase production,fertilizer requirement characteristics of peanut in different growth stages should be taken into consideration to meet the nutrient demand of plants in the later growth periods.