人工智能在脊柱外科诊断与治疗中的应用现状和发展趋势

Research progress in the application status and development trend of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal disease

以机器学习和神经网络模型为代表的人工智能技术与脊柱外科的交叉融合研究,是近年来人工智能领域新的研究方向及热点问题。脊柱的解剖结构和疾病症状较为复杂,脊柱外科的诊断与治疗需要丰富的临床经验,但目前我国医疗资源分布严重不均,如何提升基层医疗服务能力,使得最广大的患者群体均能受惠,是一项迫切需要解决的问题。人工智能是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人类智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门技术科学。随着大数据医疗时代的到来,人工智能技术或许可以通过将“专家下沉”转变为“技术下沉”的方法解决这一问题。目前对抗学习、弱监督学习、强化学习和图神经网络等技术已成为人工智能领域的研究热点,也已经在临床医学的多个领域发挥了重要作用。基于深度学习和神经网络在疾病学习中的优势,很多脊柱外科研究者将其与颈椎病、腰痛、腰椎退行性疾病、脊柱畸形、脊柱肿瘤等脊柱相关疾病的诊治和治疗相结合,以实现脊柱疾患的快速定位及准确诊断,不仅使其能真正成为脊柱疾病综合诊断的有效工具,同时也为脊柱疾病的最合理治疗方案选择提供基础。在国内将人工智能应用在脊柱外科诊断与治疗中也可以解决基层医生面临的脊柱疾病诊断难、治疗复杂等问题,降低误诊率和漏诊率,能够有效减轻脊柱疾患给我国带来的经济负担和社会负担。综述近年来以深度学习为代表的人工智能在国内外脊柱外科的诊断和治疗领域中的研究进展,以及人工智能在脊柱外科诊治流程中的优势及应用前景。

The cross-fusion research of artificial intelligence technology and spinal surgery represented by machine learning and neural network model is a new research direction and hot issue in the field of artificial intelligence in recent years.The anatomy and disease symptoms of the spine are complex,and the diagnosis and treatment of spinal surgery require rich clinical experience.However,the distribution of medical resources in China is seriously uneven.How to improve the ability of primary medical services so that the most extensive patient groups can benefitis still an urgent problem to be solved.Artificial intelligence is a technical science that researches and develops theories,methods,technologies,and application systems for simulating,extending and expanding human intelligence.With the advent of the era of big data medical technology,artificial intelligence technology may solve this problem by transforming“experts sinking”into“tech sinking”.At present,technologies such as confrontation learning,weakly supervised learning,intensive learning and graph neural networks have become research hotspots in the field of artificial intelligence,and have also played an important role in many fields of clinical medicine.Based on the advantages of deep learning and neural network in disease learning,many spine surgeons combine it with the diagnosis and treatment of cervical spondylosis,low back pain,lumbar degenerative diseases,spinal deformity,spinal tumors,and other spine-related diseases.The rapid location and accurate diagnosis of the disease not only makes it an effective tool for the comprehensive diagnosis of spinal diseases but also provides the basis for the most reasonable treatment options for spinal diseases.In the domestic application of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal surgery,it can also solve the problems of difficult diagnosis and complicated treatment of spinal diseases faced by primary doctors,reduce the rate of misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis,and effectively reduce the economic and social burden of spinal diseases.This paper reviews the research progress of artificial intelligence represented by deep learning in the field of diagnosis and treatment of spinal surgery at home and abroad,and the advantages and application prospects of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal surgery.