新生儿脐静脉置管/经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管相关性心包积液/心脏填塞的临床分析

Clinical analysis of umbilical venous catheters/peripherally inserted central catheters associated pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade in neonates

目的探讨新生儿脐静脉置管/经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(umbilical venous catheter/peripherally inserted central catheter,UVC/PICC)相关性心包积液/心脏填塞(pericardial effusion/cardiac tamponade,PCE/CT)的临床表现、影像学特点、治疗及预后.方法选取2017年1月至2018年12月陕西省5家医院新生儿重症监护病房收治的发生UVC/PICC相关性PCE/CT患儿临床资料,对其临床表现、影像学检查结果、治疗及预后情况进行回顾性分析.结果5家医院2年期间共留置UVC/PICC 693例,导管留置期间经超声心动图确诊发生PCE 7例(1.0%),其中有5例合并CT(0.7%).早产儿6例,足月儿1例;胎龄(32.6±3.8)周;出生体重1550(1200,3960)g.UVC/PICC置管时间为生后14 h(1~19h),发生PCE/CT症状时间为置管后69 h(13~104 h).主要表现为呼吸暂停/呼吸窘迫7例、发绀/氧饱和度下降至0.85以下7例、心动过速3例、心动过缓/心搏骤停5例.发生PCE/CT症状时6例有UVC/PICC尖端异位,其中4例胸部X线片显示UVC尖端位于T6~T7,1例尖端位于T12,1例超声心动图回报PICC在右心房;1例导管尖端位置正常,位于T8.5例拔除UVC/PICC行心包穿刺引流积液后治愈,1例拔除UVC未行心包穿刺治愈,1例行心包穿刺,外拔UVC至下腔静脉继续输液5h后死亡.结论尖端异位是导致UVC/PICC相关性PCE/CT的主要原因.UVC/PICC留置期间若出现突然的、无法解释的呼吸暂停/呼吸窘迫、发绀/血氧饱和度下降、心动过速/心动过缓/心搏骤停等临床表现,应立即行超声心动图检查,及时拔除导管、行心包穿刺引流可能挽救PCE/CT患儿生命.

Objective To study the clinical manifestations,imaging features,treatment and outcome of umbilical venous catheters/peripherally inserted central venous catheters(UVC/PICC)associated pericardial effusion(PCE)and cardiac tamponade(CT)in neonates.Method Clinical data of cases with UVC/PICC associated PCE/CT that were found in neonatal intensive care unit of five hospitals in Shanxi province from January 2017 to December 2018 were extracted and retrospectively reviewed.Result In total,there were 632 cases received UVC/PICC insertions in 5 hospitals.7 cases of which were identified as PCE(1.0%)on echocardiography during the period of catheter indwelling,among which 5 cases suffered from PCE complicated CT(0.7%).7 cases with PCE included 6 premature infants and 1 full term infants with mean gestational age(32.6±3.8)weeks and mean birth weight 1550(1200,3960)g.The mean age of PICC/UVC insertion was 14 h(1~19 h),the mean age of PCE/CT developed was 69 h(13~104 h)after insertion.The most common presentations included apnea/respiratory distress(7 cases),cyanosis/desaturation(7 cases),tachycardia(3 cases),bradycardia/asystole(5 cases).UVC/PICC tip ectopic was found in 6 cases after the symptoms of PCE emerged(4 cases at T6-T7 and 1 case at T12 vertebra level on chest X-ray,and 1 case at right atrium on echocardiogram).UVC/PICC tip was normal in 1 case(tip at T7-T8 vertebra level on chest X-ray).5 cases recovered after removal of catheter,pericardiocentesis and drainage of effusion;1 case recovered after removal of UVC without pericardiocentesis;1 case underwent pericardiocentesis,continued infusion for 5 h after extubated the UVC into inferior vena cava,then deceased.Conclusion UVC/PICC tip ectopic is the main cause of UVC/PICC associated PCE/CT.Immediate bedside echocardiography should be performed to any patient with UVC/PICC indwelling,who develops sudden unexplained apnea/respiratory distress,cyanosis,tachycardia/bradycardia/asystole.Timely removal of catheter and pericardiocentesis drainage may be life-saving.