3～5岁幼儿侧滑步及前滑步动作发展促进的生物力学研究

Biomechanical study on side slip and forward slip promotion among children aged 3-5 years

目的采用生物力学方式深入探究幼儿侧滑步及前滑步时下肢受力情况,为幼儿下肢动作发展研究提供理论依据。方法采用BTS SMART DX动作捕捉分析系统、8台红外高速摄像机、Kistler三维测力台、BTS FREEEMG 1000便携式无线表面肌电系统实时采集北京市某公立幼儿园36名3~5岁受试者侧滑步及前滑步数据,用SPSS 20.0单因素分析比较不同组间指标差异。结果侧滑步动作中,3岁组与5岁组、4岁组与5岁组儿童髋关节活动度比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01),3岁组和5岁组儿童的膝关节活动度和踝关节活动度差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);前滑步动作中,3岁组和5岁组儿童的髋关节活动度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3岁组、5岁组儿童侧滑步动作、前滑步动作左右方向力、垂直方向力差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。3岁组和5岁组儿童侧滑步动作中的股二头肌长头、腓肠肌、胫骨前肌差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);前滑步动作中,3岁组和5岁组臀中肌、股薄肌、大收肌、耻骨肌、股内侧肌、比目鱼肌差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。3岁组和5岁组儿童侧滑步过程中支撑期胫骨前肌、摆动期腓肠肌差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);前滑步过程中,3岁组和5岁组儿童摆动期胫骨前肌差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论3~5岁幼儿侧滑步及前滑步的粗大动作发展表现为随年龄增长而提高。建议在不同年龄段幼儿动作发展关键期选用侧滑步及前滑步的韵律性动作,为促进幼儿良好的身心发展奠基。

Objective To explore the forces of lower limbs during side slip and forward slip through biomechanical study, and to provide a theoretical basis for the development of lower limb movements. Methods BTS SMART DX motion capture analysis system, 8 infrared high-speed cameras, Kistler three-dimensional dynamometer, BTS FREEEMG 1000 portable wireless surface electromyography system were used to collect real-time data of side slip and forward slip. SPSS 20.0 univariate analysis of variance(ANOVA) was used to compare the differences of indicators between different groups. Results In the side sliding movement, there were significant differences in hip motion(P<0.01) between 3-year-old group and 5-year-old group, hip motion(P<0.01) between 4-year-old group and 5-year-old group, knee motion(P<0.05) and ankle motion(P<0.05) between 3-year-old group and 5-year-old group. There was a significant difference in hip motion(P<0.05) between 3-year-old group and 5-year-old group. The Fx force(P<0.01) and vertical Fy force(P<0.01) in the left and right directions of the 3-year-old group and the 5-year-old group were significantly different in the side-slip movement, while the Fx force(P<0.01) in the right and left directions of the 3-year-old group and the 5-year-old group were significantly different in the forward-slip movement, and the vertical Fy force(P<0.05) was significantly different. There were significant differences in the long head of biceps femoris, gastrocnemius and anterior tibial muscle between 3-year-old group and 5-year-old group(P<0.05). There were significant differences in the middle gluteal muscle, gracilis muscle, adductor magnus, pubic muscle, medial femoral muscle and soleus muscle between 3-year-old group and 5-year-old group(P<0.05). There was significant difference in the anterior tibial muscle(P<0.05) between the 3-year-old group and the 5-year-old group in the supporting stage, and significant difference in the gastrocnemius muscle(P<0.05) during the swing stage. There was significant difference in the anterior tibial muscle(P<0.05) between the 3-year-old group and the 5-year-old group in the swing stage. Conclusion The development of side slip and forward slip in children aged 3 to 5 years old showed that the results suggest motor development increases significantly with age among preschoolers. Rhythmic movements of side slip and forward slip should be selected in the critical period of children’s movement development at different ages, laying the foundation for good physical and mental development.