诗人与皇帝的对峙——奥维德《哀歌集》第四部第10首解读

The Poet’s Defiance of the Emperor: A Study of Ovid’s Tristia 4.10

古罗马诗人奥维德作于流放时期的《哀歌集》第四部第10首常被视为他的自传诗,但它同时也是诗人的自辩诗和文学墓志铭。通过精心选择的生平细节、对传统元素的影射和模仿以及深思熟虑的措辞,奥维德将三条线索、三重功能巧妙地编织在一起,既强调了自己与屋大维的相似性,从而将皇帝拉下神坛,又为自己的清白做了辩护,抨击了让诗人无辜受难的皇权,尤其突出了诗歌超越世俗权力的神圣性,从而让自己在精神层面凌驾于皇帝之上。这首诗表明,虽然奥维德在流放生活中饱受摧残,但他并未屈服,依然坚持艺术自治的观念。

Tristia 4.10,composed by Ovid in exile,is usually treated as his autobiographical poem,but it is also his apologia and literary epitaph.The three strands of thought and functions,through careful selection of facts,allusion and imitation of traditional elements,and deliberate diction,are ingeniously woven together.In this way,Ovid accentuates similarities between him and Ocvativan,debunking his divinity,defends his own innocence,attacking arbitrary imperial power,and especially foregrounds the sanctity of poets beyond secular jurisdiction,thereby exalting himself spiritually above the monarch.As evidenced by this work,tormented as he was by the evils of an exile's life,he refused to yield and adhered to his concept of autonomy of art.