《史记》所见“匈奴西域”考——兼论《史记·大宛列传》的撰作特征

A Textual Research on the "Hsiory of the Xiongnu" in the "Shiji"(Historical Records)——On the Writing Characteristics of "Shiji -Dawan"(Historical Records of Dawan)

一般认为,西汉以来的狭义"西域"指玉门关和阳关以西的今新疆地区,广义"西域"更包括中亚乃至更远区域。然而,与《汉书》明显有别,《史记》所见早期"西域"概念多与匈奴有关,连称作"匈奴西域",对应匈奴右部居处的河西地区,最初并不包括今新疆及中亚范围内的城郭小国。相关史料重订,也有助于认识大月氏、乌孙西迁及匈奴浑邪王降汉等重要事件。《史记·循吏列传》《汲郑列传》《儒林列传》《酷吏列传》的类传排序,以官吏群体的活跃阶段为线索,揭示着西汉政治文化的前后变迁。而联络西方、征伐大宛,是武帝晚年的重要举措,《大宛列传》由此居于兴用"憯急之臣"的《酷吏列传》之后,相关活动被视作武帝政治的尾声。此传虽涉张骞、李广利经历,但全篇仍以大宛为中心,偏重通使大夏等大国,而非城郭小国,并使用"西国""西北国""西北外国"等表述。西汉武帝以前,"西域"概念实际主要对应河西地区;至昭宣之世,伴随汉王朝西进,"三十六国"的西域概念,始逐渐出现。

It is generally believed that since the Western Han Dynasty the narrow meaning of“Western Region”refers to the present Xinjiang,west of Yumen and Yangguan Pass.While the broad meaning of“Western Region”includes Central Asia and beyond.However,it is obviously different from the description on Han Shu.The concept of the early“Western Region”in“Shiji”(Historical Records)is related to the Xiongnu.It is even called the“Xiongnu Western Region”.The Hexi region corresponding to the right part of the Xiongnu does not include the present Xinjiang neither the small city-states in Central Asia.Having the relevant historical materials reediting is helpful to understand important events such as the Dayuezhi,the West Wusun and the King of Xiongnu Hunye surrendered to Han.The ordering of“Historical records of Officials”《史记·循吏列传》,"Records of Jizheng"(《汲郑列传》)"Records of the Confucian Scholars"(《儒林列传》)"Brutal Officials"《酷吏列传》followed the trace of active stage of the bureaucratic groups,revealed the changes of the political culture of the Western Han Dynasty.Contacting the West and conquering Dawan were an important management of Emperor Wu in his later years.The"Dawan Biography"was after the section of"Brutal officials",who were the"Emergency Minister",and such activities were regarded as the end of the Emperor Wu’s politics.Although this records involves Zhang Qian and Li Guangli,the whole article is still centered on Dawan,focusing on the big countries such as Daxia,not the small,and using the expressions of"Western States","Northwest States"and"Northwest Foreign States".So,before the Emperor Wu in Western Han Dynasty the concept of"Western Region"actually corresponded to the Hexi region until the period of Emperor Zhao and Xuan,along with the westwards expansion of Han Dynasty,the concept of the Western Region of the"36 states"began to appear.