氮素运筹对滴灌春小麦氮素吸收、利用及产量的影响

Effects of Nitrogen Management on Nitrogen Absorption,Utilization and Yield of Spring Wheat under Drip Irrigation

为探讨氮素运筹对南疆滴灌春小麦氮素利用效率及产量构成的影响,以新春6号(大穗型)和宁2038(多穗型)为供试材料,开展不同氮素运筹与施氮量两因素试验,设置N0(0 kg/hm^2)、N1(103.5 kg/hm^2)、N2(207.0 kg/hm^2)和N3(310.5 kg/hm^2)4个施氮水平,每个施氮水平下设置4个施氮时期:R1(100%基肥)、R2(60%基肥+40%拔节肥)、R3(40%基肥+40%拔节肥+20%孕穗肥)和R4(20%基肥+40%拔节肥+20%孕穗肥+20%灌浆肥)。结果表明:(1)增施氮肥和氮肥后移显著提高春小麦植株氮素积累量,蜡熟期N3R4和N2R4处理均显著高于其他处理;(2)各器官氮素转运量大小为:茎秆+叶鞘>叶片>穗轴+颖壳,对籽粒的贡献率大小为:叶片>茎秆+叶鞘>穗轴+颖壳,且大穗型品种氮素运转性能受氮素运筹的影响较大,而多穗型品种的氮素积累量受施氮量的影响较大;(3)施氮量及施氮时期对滴灌春小麦的产量构成及氮素利用效率具有显著的互作效应,氮肥后移可以提高小麦的穗粒数、千粒质量和穗数,但施氮量过多并不能提高小麦产量;(4)新春6号和宁2038在R3N3和R3N4处理下的单穗质量最大,分别达1.22~1.26 g/株(折合产量8506.16~8929.10 kg/hm^2)和1.09~1.12 g/株(折合产量8187.02~8357.62 kg/hm^2),表明在施氮量为310.5 kg/hm^2、施氮时期及比例为基肥︰拔节肥︰孕穗肥︰灌浆肥=4︰2︰2︰0或2︰4︰2︰2时可获得较高产量,且施氮量越高,大穗型小麦更应注重氮肥后移。

In order to explore the effects of nitrogen management on nitrogen use efficiency and yield components of spring wheat under drip irrigation in Southern Xinjiang,two factors experiments were conducted with Xinchun No.6(large spike variety)and Ning 2038(multi-spike variety)as experimental materials.Four levels of nitrogen application were set:N0(0 kg/hm^2),N1(103.5 kg/hm^2),N2(207.0 kg/hm^2)and N3(310.5 kg/hm^2),and for each level,four nitrogen application periods were set:R1(100% base fertilizer),R2(60% base fertilizer+40% jointing fertilizer),R3(40% base fertilizer+40% jointing fertilizer+20% booting fertilizer)and R4(20% base fertilizer+40% jointing fertilizer+20% booting fertilizer).The results showed that:(1)Nitrogen accumulation in spring wheat plants was significantly increased by increasing N-fertilizer application and moving back N-fertilizer.Nitrogen accumulation in N3R4 and N2R4 treatments at wax ripening stage was significantly higher than that in other treatments;(2)Nitrogen transport in different organs was as follows:stem+sheath>leaf>spike axis+glume,and the contribution rate to grain was as follows:leaf>stem+leaf sheath>spike axis+glume.Moreover,the nitrogen translocation performance of large panicle type varieties was greatly affected by nitrogen management,while the nitrogen accumulation of multi-panicle type varieties was greatly affected by nitrogen application;(3)Nitrogen application rate and period had significant interaction effect on yield composition and nitrogen use efficiency of drip irrigation spring wheat.The grain number per spike,1000-grain weight and spike number of wheat could be increased by moving back N-fertilizer,but the yield of wheat could not be increased by too much nitrogen application;(4)The single panicle weight of Xinchun No.6 and Ning 2038 was the largest under R3N3 and R3N4 treatments,reaching 1.22~1.26 g/plant(yielding 8506.16~8929.10 kg/hm^2)and 1.09~1.12 g/plant(yielding 8187.02~8357.62 kg/hm^2),respectively,indicating that when the amount of nitrogen applied was 310.5 kg/hm^2,the period and proportion of nitrogen application were base fertilizer:elongation fertilizer:booting fertilizer:filling fertilizer=4:2:0 or 2:4:2:2,high yield could be obtained,and the higher the amount of nitrogen applied,the more attention should be paid to the backward movement of N-fertilizer for large spike wheat.