修剪对山地苹果蒸腾的影响及模拟

Measurements and Modeling of the Impacts of Different Pruning Degrees on Transpiration of Apple Orchard in Hilly Regions

【目的】探究不同修剪强度对旱作山地苹果蒸腾的调控效应,为山地苹果园田间水分管理与可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】以黄土丘陵区山地苹果为对象,设置不同修剪强度(对照CK:无修剪;强度I:轻度修剪,去除10%的侧枝长度;强度Ⅱ:中度修剪,去除25%的侧枝长度;强度Ⅲ:重度修剪,去除40%的侧枝长度),采用观测(TDP插针式茎流计)和数值模拟(MAESPA模型)结合的手段研究修剪对苹果树蒸腾耗水规律的影响。【结果】修剪显著降低了苹果树叶面积指数,强度Ⅲ修剪处理的枝量、叶面积指数,冠幅直径平均较对照处理减少28.2%、30.5%、9.5%。修剪显著改变了苹果树蒸腾耗水特征,随着修剪强度的增加,日液流峰值下降,液流强度变弱;逐月蒸腾耗水量从果实膨大期到着色成熟期逐渐降低,表现为7月最高,9月最低,修剪强度Ⅱ、强度Ⅲ处理各月蒸腾耗水显著低于对照;各处理在整个研究期间的蒸腾耗水量较对照分别降低了11.1%、24.1%、37.9%,修剪强度Ⅱ、强度Ⅲ蒸腾耗水量与对照存在显著差异。MAESPA模型能够较好模拟不同修剪强度下果树蒸腾耗水规律,不同修剪强度7—9月份蒸腾耗水量模拟的归一化均方差为0.163—0.293,纳什系数为0.616—0.83,一致性系数为0.907—0.960。模型在光合有效辐射和饱和水汽压差较低时,对蒸腾的模拟效果较差。【结论】随着修剪强度的增加,苹果蒸腾耗水量基本呈等比例下降趋势,在没有严重水分亏缺时,山地果园可采取去除10%侧枝的修剪强度;当发生严重水分亏缺时,去除25%侧枝的修剪强度能以较小的产量损失显著降低蒸腾耗水量,缓解水分供需矛盾,促进果园的绿色健康发展。

【Objective】 Water deficiency is the major obstacle to restrict the development of apple industry of the Loess Plateau. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of pruning on apple transpiration, aiming to provide helpful information for water management and sustainable development of apple orchards. 【Method】 The study sites was located in Zizhou County, Shaanxi Province, where the apple trees were grown under rain-fed conditions. Sap flow under four pruning intensities, including CK(no pruning), PI-1(light pruning), PI-2(moderate pruning) and PI-3(severe pruning), were measured with thermal dissipation probes. Combining with model simulations(MAESPA), the effects of pruning on transpiration of apple trees were studied.【Result】 The results showed that pruning could effectively reduce the leaf area index(LAI) of apple trees. The total branches, LAI and crown diameter of PI-3 decreased by 28.2%, 30.5% and 9.5%, respectively, compared with the CK. Pruning reduced the transpiration of apple trees significantly. At the intraday scale, when the pruning intensity increased, the peak value of sap flow decreased accordingly. Furthermore, the monthly transpiration gradually decreased from the fruit swelling period to fruit ripening period with the peak value in July and the lowest value in September. Transpiration of intensity Ⅱ(PI-2) and intensity Ⅲ(PI-3) was significantly lower than that of CK. During the study period, the transpiration of pruning intensity I(PI-1), intensity Ⅱ(PI-2) and intensity Ⅲ(PI-3) decreased by 11.1%, 24.1% and 37.9%, respectively, compared with CK(July-September). Meanwhile, the relationship between pruning intensity and transpiration was analyzed through MAESPA model. MAESPA model simulated the diurnal variation characteristics and daily transpiration of apple trees with a good accuracy. The normalized mean square error was between 0.163 and 0.293;the Nash coefficient was between 0.616 and 0.830 and the consistency coefficient was between 0.907 and 0.960. The results also showed that the model had a relatively poor performance when the photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) and saturated water vapor pressure deficit(VPD) were low. 【Conclusion】 Pruning effectively reduced the transpiration of apple trees. Under the context of light water stress in the Loess Plateau, PI-1 could be applied to orchard to reduce water consumption slightly;under the severe water deficit condition, PI-3 could be used as a promising measure to regulate water consumption of apple trees and promote the green healthy development of orchards.