早期农业史中的马耕材料考析

An Analysis of the Material of Horse Farming in the Early History of Agriculture

结合文献记载,考述早期农业史中使用马耕的相关材料:(1)目前尚无明确反映殷商、西周时期马耕的文字史料;(2)从《老子》、《管子》等的记载来看,春秋时期农业中对马的使用方式,主要是耕田及从事肥田;目前文献中反映先秦马耕的情况,主要始于春秋时期;(3)岳麓秦简四《金布律》中的马耕资料,表明秦国对于使用马耕已经有一定的规章制度。(4)先秦文献中关于农业上使用马的记载有限,一方面应和先秦史料的不足有关,另一方面与马耕等实际使用的局限性也有很大关系。

Based on the literature records,this paper discusses the materials related to the use of horse farming in the early agricultural history:(1)there is no written historical materials that clearly reflect the horse farming in Shang and Western Zhou dynasties;(2)judging from the records of Laozi and Guanzi, the way to use horses in agriculture during the Spring and Autumn period is mainly to plough and fertilize fields. The current literature reflects the situation of horse cultivation in the pre-Qin dynasty, which mainly started in the Spring and Autumn period;(3)the data of the Qin Dynasty’s bamboo slips collected in Yuelu Academy 4’s "Jinbu Law" indicated that the state of Qin had certain rules and regulations on the use of Ma Geng;(4)The limited records about the use of horses in agriculture in the pre-Qin literature are related to the deficiency of historical materials of the pre-Qin dynasty,and the limitations of the actual use of horses is on the other hand.