四海宗盟与所得一半:黄宗羲明文统系中的钱谦益

HUANG Zongxi’s Evaluation of QIAN Qianyi

明末清初,钱谦益与黄宗羲先后主盟文坛。钱对黄有铭墓之托,黄亦嘉许钱为“四海宗盟”。黄宗羲晚年重构有明文统,却称钱仅“所得一半”,并在其《思旧录》中全力批揭钱文之弊。这一落差实源于黄宗羲对明文统系的自觉构拟,并通过对归有光地位的归属而鲜明表现出来。前评突出了钱的派别影响,后评则自文章史地位立论。无论在作为一代文章渊薮的《明文案》《明文海》,还是在作为一家之学的《明文授读》中,钱文皆大量入录。这也反映出黄宗羲在标揭明文正统的同时,不失对钱文的理性评判。

Qian Qianyi and Huang Zongxi led the literary world successively in late Ming and early Qing periods.Initially,Huang appraised Qian as leader of the literary world while Qian entrusted Huang with his epitaph.However,in his old age,Huang criticized Qian as the one who had only gained the half.The change was derived from Huang Zongxi' s prose selecting activities of Ming,which was especially revealed in the evaluation on Gui Youguang.His former assessment focused on Qian's influence in the literary world while the later one focused on Qian's status within the history of prose.Qian's prose accounted for the vast majority of Huang Zongxi's three major Ming prose anthologies,which reflected Huang's objective evaluation of Qian's position in the prose history of Ming.